Abstract
This paper proposes a simple frequency formula developed from He’s frequency formulation for fractal systems. In this approach, the initial guess can be judiciously chosen. Even the simplest initial guess leads to a highly accurate approximate solution. A detailed theoretical development is elucidated, and the solving process is given step by step. The simple calculation and reliable results have been merged into an effective tool for deeply studying fractal vibration systems, and the present approach offers a completely new angle for the fast insight into the physical properties of a non-linear vibration system in a fractal space.
1 Introduction
Fractal oscillations not only demonstrate the beauty of mathematics but also reveal the nature of the world and change the way people study nature. Fractal non-linear systems truly describe the dynamic problems of engineering science, and the research on them greatly expands the field of human cognition. The emergence of fractal theory makes us realize that the world is non-linear and fractals are everywhere. Fractal non-linear vibration can be close to practical problems in both depth and breadth, and it explains many phenomena through the fractal theory. Since the birth of the fractal theory, it has been used in engineering and science, for example, the fractal diffusion [1, 2], the fractal rheological model [3], the fractal control [4], the fractal solitary waves [5, 6], and the fractal oscillators [7]. The two-scale fractal calculus is used to describe transport problems in a porous medium, such as the problem of oil extraction and heat transfer of heat pipes. The porous medium is viewed as a fractal space, so non-linear vibrations in the porous medium can be modeled by fractal vibration theory [8, 9].
There are many analytical and numerical methods to find an approximate solution of a differential equation containing fractional derivatives. The homotopy perturbation method contains perturbation parameters, which have been extended to a wide range of physical applications and engineering fields by many researchers [10, 11]. He’s frequency formula is a simple and powerful method for a conservation non-linear oscillator, which has been widely applied to solve non-linear oscillator problems, especially the pull-in instability found in MEMS [12, 13]. It can be extended to the fractal oscillators and non-conservative oscillators [14–21]. The applications of these non-linear oscillations do not have non-linear even functions. El-Dib proposed a modification of He’s method for the case of even non-linearity [22]. The Hamiltonian-based frequency formula is a modification of He’s frequency formula [23]. The most important property of a non-linear system is the relationship between frequency and amplitude, so how to quickly estimate the frequency–amplitude relationship is an urgent problem to study. Many researchers devoted their efforts to studying fractional calculus which provides a powerful tool to characterize the periodic behavior of a non-linear oscillator [24]. He gave a tutorial review on fractal space and fractional calculus [25], Tian et al. established a fractal model for N/MEMS [26], and Li et al. studied the non-linear vibration of nanoparticles in the electrospinning process [27].
There are many analytical solutions for fractal oscillators, but the continuous solution has not been discussed so far. Existing frequency formulas cannot be formulated to correspond to the frequency of the continuous process [28]. Recently, El-Dib proposed an efficient frequency formula, which can be used to obtain successive approximate solutions for the non-linear oscillation [22]. In this paper, we illustrate the frequency formula and extend it in the differential equation with the fractional derivative. The new method will be applied to rapidly predict the frequency characteristics and determine successive approximate solutions of a fractal vibration system.
2 Two-scale fractal theory
As the fractal theory is helpful in establishing a governing equation in a fractal space, it has become a significant topic in both mathematics and mechanical engineering. The two-scale fractal derivative [29] is defined as follows:where .
When we observe a motion at a large scale, it may be a continuous change, while at a small scale, it may become discontinuous. Therefore, the two-scale fractal theory is a powerful mathematical tool to study the world with greater precision [30].
When and , we can easily have . Similarly, when , .
It is worth mentioning that the two-scale fractal derivative agrees with the traditional differential derivative when the fractal dimension is a positive integer.
To better understand the fractional derivative, let us take the function as an example. Using Eq. 1, we can obtain [31]where N is a natural number,
Knowing the fractional derivative of the power function, the derivatives of all elementary functions will also be calculated, with the help of Taylor’s series. For example, we have the following equation:
By using Eqs 2, 3, we can obtain
After simple calculations, it yields the following result:and
Also, we can obtain another form of the fractional derivative. It is obvious that the fractal derivative is useful and convenient to study.
3 Successive approximate solutions for fractal non-linear oscillation
We consider a general fractal non-linear oscillator in a fractal space as follows:where is an odd potential function or an odd polynomial as .
Let , Eq. 7 can be converted into its differential partner aswhere the derivative of the function with respect to is defined. Here, is the scale dimension, and t and describe the small and large scales, respectively.
He rewrote Eq. 8 in the following form [12]:where the ratio h(z)/z is the equivalent stiffness.
When Eq. 8 is approximated by a linear oscillator:
He has established a simple formula [12].
Following the analysis principle of He’s frequency formula, He and Liu proposed a modified frequency formulation for a fractal vibration in the porous medium [32].
El-Dib established an extended frequency–amplitude formula, which is the best and most efficient formula and can be used to obtain successive approximate solutions for the non-linear oscillations [26]. We extend this method to the fractal system and obtain high-precision approximate frequency.
In the same way as in Eqs 8, 9 can be rewritten as follows:
Integrating the numerator and the denominator of the stiffness term, the frequency with the trial solution that corresponds to the initial conditions is obtained in the following form:where T is the period, .
Let us explain this frequency formula from another angle.
By the comparison of Eqs 8, 10, the error function needs to take the minimum value.
The mean square error is defined as
The aforementioned problem is equivalent to the value of , and the function takes the minimum value. After a simple calculation, the minimum point is
The solution of Eq. 17 is Eq. 14. The aforementioned analysis process verifies the accuracy of the frequency formula. With a suitable chosen trial solution, performing the aforementioned integrals gives the corresponding frequency.
For the non-linear oscillator, , we obtain
The precision of Eq. 18 can be found by comparing it with the exact frequency [22].
4 Application and numerical illustration
In order to illustrate the solution process of the aforementioned method, we consider the following oscillator:
We consider that the general mth-order trial solution which satisfies the initial conditions can be expressed bywhere and .
Using the first-order trial solution, , and employing Eq. 14, the corresponding frequency is
For a comparison between He–Liu’s modification and the present modification, we obtain
The exact frequency of Eq. 20 is .
So, the relative error in the first-order approximate frequency is given by
Also, the error in He–Liu’s modification is
It is noticed that the present method has better precision.
The first-order approximate solution of Eq. 20 isthat is,
We consider that the second-order trial solution meeting the initial conditions can be expressed as
Using a trigonometric formula , we have the following equation:
The least-square of the displacement is estimated as follows:
The solution of Eq. 31 is , and substituting the value into Eq. 29, we obtain
Using Eq. 32 and the second-order trial solution, Eq. 14 becomes
After integral calculation, the second-order approximate frequency is given by
The percentage relative error in second-order approximate frequency is 0.3863%. Also, the second-order approximate solution of Eq. 20 is
This leads to
In order to obtain the sequential extended approximate solution and improve the accuracy of the solution, we can use a higher-order trial solution, but the solving process becomes more complex.
To verify the accuracy of the method, the approximate solution is compared with the exact solution of Eq. 20 in Figures 1–5. The comparison of the approximate frequency with the exact one is made, and relative errors have been found. It is noted that the relative error does not depend upon the amplitude; that is, the error is the same for any value of the amplitude, while it decreases with the increase in the order of approximation. Figures 1, 2 show first-order approximate solutions with different values of the amplitudes. Figures 3, 4 show second-order approximate solutions. A good agreement for various amplitudes of first- and second-order approximate frequencies can be seen from these figures. Figure 5 shows the comparison of the numerical solution obtained by the Matlab solver “ode45” with approximate solutions over a small interval.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 5
Different values of the fractal exponent are considered for Eq. 28 and shown together in Figure 6. It is observed that the vibration attenuation occurs more, and the oscillation frequency becomes faster for increasing the values of the fractal exponent .
FIGURE 6
5 Conclusion
In this paper, a high-precision frequency is obtained by a trial solution for the first time ever, and a frequency formula determined by the trial solution is proposed for solving a fractal nonlinear vibration system. The new method is described theoretically, and an example is given to explain in detail the process of finding the higher-order approximate solution and the approximate frequency. The analysis results show that this new method can be used to obtain the frequency with high accuracy and to quickly calculate the high-order continuous solution of the fractal non-linear oscillator. The influence of the fractal derivative order on the periodic motion is visually displayed graphically. It is revealed that the fractal exponent affects the frequency characteristics greatly as that discussed in Refs. [33, 34]. Although we only discuss the oscillator with the non-zero initial condition, it is still valid for the oscillator with zero initial condition as that in micro-electromechanical systems [35], which will be discussed in the next paper.
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Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
frequency formula, trial solution, fractal oscillator, successive approximate solution, frequency–amplitude relationship, numerical simulation
Citation
Niu J-Y, Feng G-Q and Gepreel KA (2023) A simple frequency formulation for fractal–fractional non-linear oscillators: A promising tool and its future challenge. Front. Phys. 11:1158121. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2023.1158121
Received
03 February 2023
Accepted
27 February 2023
Published
16 March 2023
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited by
Ji-Huan He, Soochow University, China
Reviewed by
Naveed Anjum, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Ain Qura Tul, Guizhou University, China
Alex Elias-Zuniga, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM), Mexico
Dan Tian, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Niu, Feng and Gepreel.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Guang-Qing Feng, 43789369@qq.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
This article was submitted to Interdisciplinary Physics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physics
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.