Abstract
Background:
Intrathecal protein synthesis (ITS) occurs in various central nervous system disorders, but few quantitative studies have focused on ITS for neurosyphilis (NS) in southwestern China. We made a study to quantitatively assess the ITS in patients with NS and to investigate the association between ITS and the stages of NS.
Methods:
CSF–serum specimen pairs from 142 patients (66 NS and 76 non-NS/syphilis) were collected for routine CSF and serum tests. The NS group was divided into slight and severe subgroups according to the NS stages. Three formulas for the quantitative determination of the intrathecal synthesis were calculated to characterize the specimens, including the Ig index (QIg/Qalb), Ig extended index (Ig_EI), and intrathecally synthesized fraction (IgIF) using the hyperbolic function. The role of QTPPA/QIgG as an antibody index (AI = Q specific Ig/QIgG) was also explored.
Results:
Sero_TRUST titres (1:16, 1:1-1:256), sero_TPPA titres (1:163840, 1:1280-1:1310720), total protein (MTP), and CSF_Igs (p < 0.05) were found to be significantly elevated in the NS group. Intrathecal Ig synthesis can be identified using all three formulas in the NS group. The pattern of Ig intrathecal synthesis was IgIF-G (48.62%) > IgIF-A = IgIF-M (p < 0.05), with the dominant intrathecal fraction being IgG (median, 48.62%), which was also verified by QIgG> Qalb> QIgM = QIgA. In the slight NS group, the intrathecal fractions of IgM (>0 in 4 out of 20 cases) and IgG (>0 in 16 out of 20) were lower than the intrathecal fractions of IgM (>0 in 19 out of 35 cases) and IgG (>0 in 33 out of 38) in the severe group (p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of the CSF_TPPA antibody index was 0.867 (0.792, 0.922), with an optimal cutoff point of 0.81, providing a sensitivity of 88.91% and specificity of 84.62%.
Conclusion:
Although the intrathecal synthesis pattern is IgG dominant in patients with NS, brain-derived IgM and IgA can also be found. Moreover, intrathecal IgM and IgG were associated with a parenchymatous type of neurosyphilis. Syphilis-specific antibodies are a new potential tool for NS diagnosis.
Introduction
Neurosyphilis (NS), syphilis of the central nervous system (CNS), has attracted a lot of attention in recent years (1, 2). NS has varied presentations and can be detected by laboratory tests. Diagnosis and treatment, as in previous eras, depend on clinical recognition. Guidelines from different countries, including Canada (3), Germany (4), the UK (5), and China, or organizations (6), such as the EU, highlight the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) syphilis serology treponemal (TTs) and nontreponemal (nTTs) and CSF abnormalities. Due to the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of serology markers and the lack of benchmarks of CSF white-cell count (WBC) and protein level, the diagnosis of neurosyphilis is challenging from a clinical practical standpoint.
CSF_TPPA (Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay) titers, CSF_CXCL13, and serological trust titers have the potential to diagnose or predict neurosyphilis in recent years (7–9). Additionally, nTTs and TTs might reflect CSF abnormalities before therapy, and the RPR response can succeed in predicting the normalization of CSF abnormalities after therapy (10). CSF syphilis serology is a breakthrough in the diagnosis of NS (11). The theoretical basis of CSF serology in NS is the role of humoral immunity in the inflammatory response and may be involved in CNS damage caused by T. pallidum (12), especially the role of ectopic germinal centers (EGCs). In other words, a brain-derived pathogen-specific antibody can be measured by the detection of intrathecal or local antibodies against T. pallidum. Due to impairment or selective function of the blood CSF barrier (BCB), it is difficult to discriminate the source of TTs and/or nTT antibodies, as immunoglobulins (Ig) in CSF might be brain-derived or blood-derived. Rieber and other researchers have developed formulas for assessing the intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobin quantitatively (13–16). The assessment of protein intrathecal synthesis (ITS) is an essential step in CSF analysis, especially pathogen-specific immunoglobin.
There are few quantitative studies focusing on ITSs in neurosyphilis in southwestern China, though T. pallidum expands and spreads globally (17). Here, we quantitatively assessed ITS in patients with NS and investigated the association between ITS and the stages of neurosyphilis. Additionally, the syphilis-specific response in the central nervous system was investigated. We hope that the intrathecal humoral response may be a future potential target for therapies or diagnoses that can help to prevent persistent infection and progression of the disease.
Materials and methods
Definitions
Neurosyphilis refers to syphilis patients with (1) CSF abnormalities: elevated CSF protein (>450 mg/L) and/or leukocyte count (>10 cells/μl) and (2) clinical symptoms or signs consistent with neurosyphilis without other known causes for these clinical abnormalities or a reactive CSF_TRUST. We divided the NS group into slight and severe subgroups according to the stages of neurosyphilis. Here, asymptomatic neurosyphilis, meningeal syphilis, meningovascular syphilis, and ocular syphilis were divided into the slight group, while general paresis and tabes dorsalis were classified into the severe group. Patients with syphilis without a confirmed diagnosis of neurosyphilis were defined as the non-neurosyphilis (N-NS) group.
Subjects and samples
In this study, we included 162 syphilis patients with CSF examinations between December 2019 and July 2021 at West China Hospital. The patients' basic characteristics were collected such as sex, age, syphilis stage, and HIV coinfection. The stages of syphilis were based on clinician diagnosis. Their residual CSF-serum specimen pairs were collected and stored at −80°C for subsequent analysis. CSF samples with macroscopic blood contamination or from duplicate patients were excluded. A total of 142 patients (66 patients with NS and 76 patients with N-NS) were ultimately included, whose information is illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1
| Neurosyphilis (n = 66) | Non-neurosyphilis/Syphilis (n = 76) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), X ± SD | 50.53 ± 12.37 | 51.27 ± 16.76 | 0.766 |
| Male, n (%) | 52 (78.79) | 44 (57.89) | 0.008 |
| Syphilis stage (Latent-I-II-III) | 12-0-1-53 | 63-2-1-10 | 0.000 |
| HIV coinfection | 2/66 | 7/76 | 0.132 |
| Sera parameters | |||
| Sero_IgA (g/L), X ± SD | 2.70 ± 0.97 | 2.96 ± 1.61 | 0.252 |
| Sero_IgG(g/L), X ± SD | 12.06 ± 2.74 | 12.08 ± 2.70 | 0.101 |
| Sero_IgM(g/L), X ± SD | 1.16 ± 0.48 | 1.33 ± 0.62 | 0.973 |
| Sero_TRD, median (range) | 1:16 (1:1,1:256) | 1:2 (0, 1:128) | 0.000 |
| Sero_TPPA titres, median (range) | 163,840 (1,280, 13,107,20) | 5,120 (80, 327,680) | 0.000 |
| CSF parameters | |||
| CSF_IgA(mg/L), median (Range) | 8.08 (0.20, 72.7) | 3.13 (0.64, 133) | 0.000 |
| CSF_IgG(g/L), median (Range) | 0.21 (0.017, 1.87) | 0.035 (0.012 ,0.90) | 0.000 |
| CSF_IgM(mg/L), median (Range) | 8.45 (0.18, 134) | 0.42 (0.16, 92.8) | 0.000 |
| CSF_MTP(g/L), median (Range) | 0.76 (0.26, 2.26) | 0.41 (0.16, 4.9) | 0.000 |
| CSF_TPPA | 1:20,480 (0, 1:655,360) | 0 (0, 1:81,920) | 0.000 |
| CSF_TRD | 1:2 (0, 1:128) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.000 |
| CSF_WBC(106/L) | 10 (0, 430) | 0 (0, 110) | 0.000 |
| CSF_glucose | 3.62 ± 0.87 | 3.77 ± 0.99 | 0.328 |
| CSF_Cl | 125.67 ± 4.01 | 125.00 ± 4.29 | 0.345 |
| Blood-CSF Barrier | |||
| Sero_ALB(g/L), X ± SD | 39.17 ± 3.96 | 38.64 ± 4.82 | 0.503 |
| CSF_ALB(g/L), X ± SD | 0.36 ± 0.24 | 0.28 ± 0.29 | 0.097 |
| Qalb (*10−3) | 9.57 ± 7.13 | 7.62 ± 8.69 | 0.165 |
Characteristic of the study population.
Tests
Some related clinical and routine laboratory parameters, including routine CSF results and serum results, were collected from the hospital information system (HIS) and laboratory information system (LIS). The syphilis serological tests, including TRUST (Rongsheng, China), TPPA (Fujirebio, Japan) tests, Elecsys Syphilis assays (Roche, German), and FTA-ABS (Euroimmun, German), were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. CSF IgA and IgM were measured by Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics on a BN II platform (Siemens, German), while CSF IgG was measured by immunoturbidimetry (Beckman Coulter GmbH, America). Serum Igs were measured by immunoturbidimetry (Beckman Coulter GmbH, America). However, some values were missing, which may have been caused by a lower limit of detection in CSF (6.2 mg/L for albumin, 9.3 mg/L for IgG, 1.25 mg/L for IgA, and 0.13 mg/L for IgM).
Formulas designed for the quantitative determination of intrathecal synthesis
The albumin quotient (Qalb) was used to evaluate the function of BCB. The IgG index (QIg/Qalb) is considered to be the most commonly used measure to evaluate the function of BCB and can be used in patients with normal BCB function (18). Since 1989, Ohman et al. (13, 16) improved the Ig index to the Ig extended index (Ig_EI = QIg/ , constant a) based on the linear relationship between ln (QIg) and ln (Qalb). However, the groundwork of ITS laid by Reiber et al. is a hyperbolic curve between QIg and Qalb (15, 19–22). The ITS refers to the intrathecal fraction (IgIF) in % of total Ig in CSF (23). All three formulas can quantitatively determine the intrathecal synthesis, but in this study, we used an antibody index (AI = QTPPA/QIgG), providing indirect evidence for T. pallidum invasion in the CNS, to reflect the local pathogen-specific antibody response.
Statistical analysis
The data were expressed as X ± SD or median (Range) according to its distribution. The unpaired t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, linear regression, and logarithmic transformation were used in this study. The abovementioned statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS 26.0 for Windows or GraphPad Prism 8.30. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed on MedCalc Statistical Software version 15.2.2 to determine the performance of the Treponema-specific antibody index, and the optimal cutoff was determined corresponding to the maximal Youden's index (sensitivity + specificity−100%). Missing values were not taken into the statistical calculations mentioned. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Ethics statements
This study was approved by (2020-920) the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University.
Results
Characteristics of the study participants
In total, 66 patients with NS and 76 patients with N-NS were enrolled (Table 1). Nearly all patients with NS except one were reactive to CSF_TRUST (1:2,0-1:128), while all patients with N-NS were nonreactive with CSF_TRUST. There was no significant difference in age distribution between patients with N-NS and NS (p > 0.05). However, more male patients were seen in the NS group (p < 0.05). Higher sero_TRUST titres (1:16, 1:1-1:256) and sero_TPPA titres (1:163840,1:1280-1:1310720) were observed in the NS group (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found in sero_Igs between the two groups (p > 0.05). Compared with CSF protein levels in the N-NS group, the total protein (MTP) and CSF_Igs were elevated in the NS group, but the ALB level was not elevated.
Quantitative assessment of intrathecal Ig synthesis by different formulas
Compared with data in the N-NS group, increased concentrations of the three CSF_Ig classes were seen in the NS group (Table 1). In the NS group, elevated Qalb indicated BCB dysfunction (Table 1; p < 0.05). Intrathecal Igs can be found in the NS groups using all three formulas. However, more patients were found to have intrathecal Ig synthesis using the Ig index than those patients using the Ig extent index and IgIFs. In the N-NS group, the three intrathecal Ig syntheses were not so dissimilar among the three formulas. The molecular diffusion/CSF flow theory provides the sensitive identification of the intrathecal fraction of pathological protein (22, 24). When using the hyperbolic function, 79% of NS patients with brain-derived IgG and almost 50% of NS patients with brain-synthesized IgA and IgM. The pattern of Ig intrathecal synthesis was IgIF-G (48.62%) > IgIF-A = IgIF-M (p < 0.05), with the dominant intrathecal fraction being IgG (median, 48.62%) in the NS group, which was also verified by QIgG > Qalb > QIgM= QIgA. The Ig quotient diagram with hyperbolic curves is presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Association between brain injury and Ig synthesis
Intrathecal IgM analysis is not considered a sign of the acute phase of a disease, as there is no Ig isotype switch in the brain (23). Moreover, the intrathecal IgM fraction is reported to be associated with a poor prognosis (25). As illustrated in Figure 2, the intrathecal fractions of IgM (4 out of 20 cases was >0) and IgG (16 out of 20 > 0) in the slight group were lower than the intrathecal fractions of IgM (19 out of 35 cases was >0) and IgG (33 out of 38 was >0) in the severe group (p < 0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in the intrathecal fractions of IgA between the two groups. Moreover, intrathecal IgM and IgG were associated with general paresis and tabes dorsalis, late stages, or parenchymatous types of neurosyphilis.
Figure 2
Role of TP antibody index in neurosyphilis
The CSF_TPPA titer ≥ 1:320 or 1: 640 was specific for NS, but the CSF_TPPA index (CSF_TPPA/Sero_TPPA), which evaluates the intrathecal synthesis of treponemal antibody, has not yet been validated for the diagnosis. Here, the AUC of the CSF_TPPA index antibody index (QTPPA/QIgG) was 0.867 (0.792, 0.922), with an optimal cutoff of ≥0.81, a sensitivity of 88.91% and a specificity of 84.62% (Figure 3).
Figure 3
Discussion
In neurosyphilis, although sero_TRUST titers and neurological symptoms were developed to predict neurosyphilis (26, 27), routine CSF analysis and CSF serology are still deemed the “gold” standard. Enrichment of B cells, especially EGCs, as well as differential expression of cytokines and chemokines, were observed in the CSF of patients with neurosyphilis in previous studies (12, 28–30), suggesting the important role of humoral or cellular immunity in neurosyphilis. In this study, we quantitatively assessed intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis and explored its role in neurosyphilis.
Increased protein levels were significantly observed in the NS group (p < 0.05). Compared with CSF protein levels in the N-NS group, the MTP and CSF_Igs were elevated in the NS group (p < 0.05), but the ALB level was not elevated since all CSF albumin is blood-derived (p > 0.05), interfering with the elevation of immunoglobulins and other brain-derived proteins. Intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins occurs in many CNS disorders (23, 31), which can be demonstrated in two different ways: by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IFE) using CSF-Serum sample pairs and calculation of “synthesized” Igs using formulas. Unfortunately, IFE is often not available in most clinical laboratories.
In this study, three formulas were first used to assess the intrathecal immunoglobulin class in syphilis (Table 2). These three formulas showed that intrathecal fractions of CSF_IgM, CSF_IgG, and CSF_IgA were more common in the NS group than in the N-NS group (p < 0.05), suggesting the existence of brain-derived immunoglobulins. The discordant constituent ratio or pattern of ITS by different quantitative determinations is caused by different conditions of application of the three formulas in the NS group. The use of the Ig index assumes a linear relationship between the QIg and the Qalb. Logarithmic transformations of QIg and Qalb did not result in a linear response in the NS group, indicating that Ig_EI may also not be suitable. Compared with the Ig index and Ig-EI, the hyperbolic function showed high sensitivity and a low rate of false-positive findings for central nervous inflammatory diseases (32). Here, the intrathecal synthesis is calculated as the intrathecal fraction (IgIF) in % of total Ig in CSF according to the hyperbolic function. A total of 43.36% of patients with NS showed intrathecal synthesis of IgM, 51.85% of patients with NS showed intrathecal synthesis of IgA and 79.03% of patients with NS showed intrathecal synthesis of CSF_IgG (Table 2). Hence, the pattern of intrathecal immunoglobulin in NS is IgG dominant, with occasional IgM and IgA intrathecal synthesis. Our data are consistent with a previous report that approximately 50% of patients with neurosyphilis show intrathecal synthesis of IgM (33), and in contrast with this previous report, the data show the absence of IgA synthesis in NS (23). IgA ITS does not necessarily discriminate neurosyphilis from other inflammatory CNS disorders. Moreover, intrathecal IgM and IgG were associated with general paresis and tabes dorsalis, late stages or parenchymatous types of neurosyphilis (Figure 2). There was a positive correlation among the CSF B cells, immunoglobulin indices, and CSF CXCL13 levels (12). CXCL13/CXCR5 mediated the aggregation of B cells, which directed the aberrant humoral immune responses via the formation of EGCs, suggesting neurological damage in neurosyphilis (12). Hence, the reasons for IgG and IgM associated with late stages or parenchymatous types may be aroused by the aberrant humoral immune responses. Although intrathecal IgG synthesis is the most frequent immune response detectable in 50% of the inflammations in the daily routine CSF analysis, the role of IgM ITS in the progressive paralysis of neurosyphilis should not be ignored.
Table 2
| Reference intervals | Neurosyphilis | Non-neurosyphilis/Syphilis | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (%) R/n | Median (Range) | (%) R/n | Median (Range) | |||
| CSF/serum quotients: IgX index=QIg/ Qalb | ||||||
| IgG index (*103) | ≤0.62 | 87.09 (54/62) | 1.95 (0.093, 13.21) | 22.34 (15/67) | 0.53 (0.37, 4.20) | 0.000 |
| IgM index | ≤0.23 | 74.5 (41/55) | 0.89 (0.043, 29.56) | 13.33 (8/60) | 0.059 (0.022, 2.55) | 0.000 |
| IgA Index | ≤0.43 | 87.04 (47/54) | 0.87 (0.0081, 6.22) | 48.43 (31/64) | 0.43 (0, 3.47) | 0.000 |
| Extended indices (EI): IgX_EI , | ||||||
| IgG-EI | ≤1.24 | 87.09(54/62) | 3.55 (0.15, 22.69) | 17.9 (12/67) | 0.99 (0.68, 7.77) | 0.000 |
| IgM-EI | ≤15 | 81.82(45/55) | 53.79 (3.69, 3457.48) | 20 (12/60) | 6.22 (1.37, 262.74) | 0.000 |
| IgA-EI | ≤1.0 | 38.89 (21/54) | 0.77 (0.02, 3.91) | 6.25 (4/64) | 0.45 (0.25, 1.79) | 0.000 |
| Intrathecally synthesized *IgX (Ser). Constants: a/b, b2,c ;IgIF=IgXi/IgX(CSF)*100% | ||||||
| IgIF-G | 0 | 79.03 (49/62) | 48.62 (0.92.80) | 10.45 (7/67) | 0 (0.75.90) | 0.000 |
| IgIF-M | 0 | 43.36 (24/55) | 0 (0,94.60) | 1.67 (1/60) | 0 (0, 43.82) | 0.000 |
| IgIF-A | 0 | 51.85(28/54) | 2.6(0,86.39) | 18.75(12/64) | 0 (0, 71.24) | 0.000 |
Quantitative assessment of Intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis by different formulas.
The antibody index (AI), a quotient of CSF/serum albumin (Qalb) and immunoglobulin quotients (QIg), is useful to confirm a suspicion of infection in the CNS (31). Here, the CSF_TPPA index antibody index (QTPPA/QIgG), with a good AUC (0.867), suggested its potential diagnostic role in the NS. The cutoff (≥0.81) is different from the consensus that a cutoff ≥3 provides strong evidence of CNS infection (31). The CSF_TPPA antibody index has advantages, for all recent novel biomarkers, such as CXCL13 and other cytokines which are unspecific. Elevated CSF-TPHA titers/indices were associated with the signs of intrathecal Ig synthesis (34). Intrathecal anti-treponemal antibody production supports the diagnosis of active neurosyphilis, and with the use of the TPHA index, patients with abnormal CSF can be better classified in regard to their need for neurosyphilis therapy (35). However, careful interpretation of the AI result is still crucial due to the lack of a “gold standard” ideal cutoff, although measuring an AI for specific T. pallidum antibodies is a new potential tool for NS diagnosis (36). The high CSF treponemal-specific antibody response is a consequence of inflammatory pathology of the central nervous system (34). Further work on AI is needed.
In conclusion, the NS Ig ITS pattern was IgIF-G (48.62%) > IgIF-A = IgIF-M (P < 0.05), and intrathecal IgM and IgG were associated with general paresis and tabes dorsalis, late stages or parenchymatous types of neurosyphilis. The AI for specific T. pallidum antibodies is another new potential tool for NS diagnosis. However, there are several limitations in this study, including the small sample size, the possibility of misclassification of grouping error, and some missing data due to sample volume or detection limitation of assays. Also, we ignored the effect of HIV infection on intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier dysfunction due to only two cases of coinfection with HIV.
Funding
The study was funded by Key R&D projects of the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology (2022YFS0309).
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Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University approved this study (2020-920). These samples were analyzed anonymously. For researchers, all personal or private information was blind. Written or oral informed consents can be exempted according to rules of the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author contributions
XYH: conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, writing-original draft, and writing—review and editing. SSY: methodology, validation, and review. LXL and LL: investigation and review. YX: project administration. DDL: formal analysis, conceptualization, writing—review and editing, and supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
intrathecal synthesis, neurosyphilis, immunoglobulins, cerebrospinal fluid, central nervous system
Citation
Huang X, Ying S, Luo L, Li L, Li D and Xie Y (2022) Intrathecal immunoglobin synthesis and its role in patients with neurosyphilis. Front. Public Health 10:1008595. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1008595
Received
01 August 2022
Accepted
14 October 2022
Published
07 November 2022
Volume
10 - 2022
Edited by
Zhiliang Hu, Nanjing Second Hospital, China
Reviewed by
Wen-Hui Lun, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Wei Yue, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Huang, Ying, Luo, Li, Li and Xie.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Dongdong Li jiangxili1219@163.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
This article was submitted to Infectious Diseases 96 Surveillance, Prevention and Treatment, a section of the journal Frontiers in Public Health
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