Abstract
India is known for its rich cultural heritage with different cultures and customs. Indian historical traditions and cultures were molded in a manner that most older adults were cared for at home by their children. However, India is being urbanized and developing swiftly changing its socio-cultural scenarios. With globalization and the increased popularity of social media, the youth is more ambitious than ever and is ready to migrate and explore. Fueled by the rapid aging of the global population, demand is escalating for robust programs, policies, and activities to improve the lives of older adults. However, most of these schemes have not yet been fully implemented nationwide; several state governments have yet to realize their full potential due to the lack of resources and competing priorities. Aligning with the UN’s healthy aging agenda, several programs and policies in India are contributing toward ensuring quality aged care services. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities for effective ground-level translation from precepts to practice.
Introduction
India is known for its rich cultural heritage with different cultures, religions, customs, traditions, and languages. Thus, the Indian social matrix and the cultural pattern are characterized by “Unity in Diversity” (1). Many mythological stories show that the aged parents were respected and worshipped like Gods, as in the story of Shravan Kumar, known for his filial piety toward his parents (2). Thaittiriya Upanishad states “Let your mother be God. Let your father be God” which brings out the importance of caring for older adults which is deeply rooted in the traditions (3). Indian historical traditions and cultures were molded for the care of an older adult at home by their children. Also, older adults have a societal expectation from their children, a tradition that has been long-standing and pervasive (4).
India is rapidly urbanizing and developing swiftly with changing socio-cultural scenarios. With globalization, the youth is ambitious to migrate and explore (5). There is also an increased participation of women in the workforce (6). These factors have caused a shift from the idea of a joint family to a nuclear family over time leaving the older adults to look after themselves. This is compounded by the system’s failure to offer adequate pension and healthcare services for older adults (7).
In this perspective article, we offer our viewpoints on how India is tailoring its unique cultural and historical traditions to conform with the guidelines and expectations of the UN’s Healthy Ageing Agenda.
Epidemiology of aged care in India
The population of older adults in India was 104 million (8.6% of the total population) according to the 2011 census, and is projected to increase to 173 million by 2026 (8). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one in six people in the world will be aged 60 years or older by the year 2030. Alongside the rapid aging of the global population, demand is escalating for robust programs, policies, and activities to improve the lives of older adults. Therefore, today it is essential to increase the focus on providing healthy life expectancy of the population.
Policies and programs
Over the years, India proposed and implemented policies, programs, and legislation for the older adults. The government has formulated policies and legislation to facilitate the care for the older adults within the families, thereby tailoring to the cultural and historical context in India. Since 1992, Government of India has implemented various schemes and programs, through different Ministries and Departments for care and welfare of senior citizens (Table 1). However, most of these schemes have not yet been implemented nationwide; many state-level governments have failed due to lack of resources and competing priorities.
Table 1
| Schemes | Agenda | Challenges |
|---|---|---|
| National Policy for Older Persons, 1999 |
|
|
| Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, 1995 |
|
|
| The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 |
|
|
| National Policy for Senior Citizens, 2011 |
|
|
| National Programme for Healthcare for the Older Adults (NPHCE), 2011 |
|
|
| Central Sector Scheme of Integrated Programme for Senior Citizens (IPSrC), 1992 |
|
|
| Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY), 2017 |
|
|
| National Helpline for Senior Citizen, 2021 Elder line (14567) |
|
|
| State Action Plan for Senior Citizens (SAPSrC) |
|
|
| SAGE, 2021 |
|
|
| Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana, 2021 |
|
|
Policies, agenda, and implementation challenges in India.
Need for quality care for older adults in India
Beyond expanding and strengthening networks of health care provision for older adults, a need and an opportunity exist to utilize technology to aid people living in remote areas, or for those who have limited mobility. One promising technology application is information and resource ‘telehealth’ call and monitoring centers that offers health advice and support to older adults (9).
Both low-tech and high-tech innovations are also needed to help maintain older individuals’ independence, dignity, and quality of life; low-cost and readily available versions of adaptive devices and aids, such as walkers, hearing aids, reading glasses and magnifiers, and grab bars present another form of technology solution. Additionally, infrastructure in India needs to be more accommodating for older adults and those with disabilities. As India continues to modernize its infrastructure, designing spaces for an aging population will involve building structures, adapting transportation, and implementing services that meet the needs of older adults and address the principles of inclusivity, accessibility, and connectivity (9).
UN healthy aging agenda
In 1994, the World Bank saw population aging as a crisis that needed ‘averting’ (10). Ensuring the healthy aging of older adults has been at the forefront of the UN agenda since 1982, with the formulation of the Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing (11, 12). Despite collective achievements in recognizing and advancing the rights of older adults, the pressing need for improving the health and well-being of older persons was not central in the conception of the multilateral 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
To foster healthy aging and improve the lives of the older adults, their families and communities, fundamental shifts will be necessary both in thoughts and actions. The 2021–2030 UN’s Healthy ageing addresses four action areas (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Age friendly environment: Some of the prerequisites for age friendly environment are: room in the ground floor with switches close to the bed, commode with rails and antiskid bathroom without pooled lighting, ramp if needed to go upstairs, uncluttered areas for movement. Outside the home, roads should be well asphalted with even surfaces, visual and sound prompts and signals for lane intersection for senior adults with various handicaps. Structures are well-set apart outside and inside, with satisfactory seating and toilets, accessible lifts, slants, railings and stairs, and nonslip floors (13).
Combating aging: or “healthy aging” encompasses regular exercise and physical activity, making smart food choices, relaxing bedtime with 8–9 h of sleep, annual health checkup and more frequently, if symptoms develop. Healthy aging also includes being socially connected with friends and relatives, practicing mindfulness and reading books, pursuing hobbies (14).
Integrated Care: WHO has developed Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) to meet the demand of the increasing older population. The delivery models could be community-based or home-based interventions at organizational level or at the clinical level (15, 16). The assessment could be personalized, and care plans integrated into it. The decision-making between the older adult and the physician should be shared, goals need to be set and work toward it. The physician can assist in supporting self-management and provide linkages with social support services. At the management level, data should be shared, the community should be involved and support provided for caregivers (17). The ultimate aim is to maximize the intrinsic capacity and functional ability of the older adults, with comprehensive assessments of all dimensions (Physical, Mental and Social Well-being) and not morbidity centric approach alone.
Long Term Care: It is the medical, and psychosocial support for older adults with limited Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), and chronic morbidities including palliative care. They need support from family, caregivers, community, or institutions. Caring for senior adults with mental instability, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s is a challenge for family members or paid caregivers. Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) provides professional courses for social work for older adults in India. Social work professionals in the field are however very scarce (18).
Issues, concerns, and solutions
There is pressure on the health system for age-appropriate health care especially long-term care. The services and technologies for prevention, and treatment of diseases has not been forthcoming. With the dwindling joint family system, household care support is becoming more challenging. Further, the insecurity of family income and even if older adults are a pensioner, this source may not be adequate to support for a paid caregiver. It is also observed that there is prejudice and discrimination for ageism. Though not adequately documented, financial abuse of older women and men due to property dispute among the siblings is observed. Indian elders are overwhelmed by the affection to their children; hence they turn a blind eye to the environment around them.
However, opportunities can be tapped with the available resources for income generation. There is scope for providing and expanding social protective measures. Jobs can be created for older adults with flexible working schemes with no limitation for working age. They could work online in marketing, communications, designing, voluntary social activities. Need based skills training can be provided. Those in the rural areas can be trained on paper making, food processing, agarbathi making, mushroom cultivation etc. Day care centers can be initiated for elders for social security.
Aging in place: Due to the breakdown of joint families, and the moving away of children for better job opportunities, older adults prefer aging in place because of familiar immediate surroundings and neighborhood. If they are physically independent, medically, and mentally fit, there are no issues. However, challenges emerge when older adults are left alone as the slow withdrawal in daily activities raises the risk of crime.
Older adults can be provided with personal security, contact cards can be displayed and friendly cops can ease the situation, as in the “SAVERA YOJANA” initiative by the Uttar Pradesh Police (19). Digital innovative solutions for older adults in urban areas can be developed by entrepreneurs to ensure safety and security, providing daily essential activities, home care, hygiene, and innovative health care. Additionally, empowering the family members and informal caregivers with certain skill will help the older adults to stay in residential environment rather than facility-based dwellings.
Age-friendly environment: Rented houses/apartments may not be conducive to modifications. In such instances, need-based temporary alterations may be a necessity. Several apartment builders are providing the option of minor customization to suit the requirements of older adult population within their projects. In India, there are ample opportunities for spiritual well-being through religious activities both within internal (domestic) and external (community) environment.
Combatting aging: In India, it is the psychosocial and financial security that needs to be addressed especially with migration, poor socioeconomic status, and lack of education contributing to the plight of older adults. Therefore, it is imperative to inform older adults about the maintenance and welfare of parents/senior citizens, the net of social safety measures available, and continued employment beyond the retirement age through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA). The measures to be undertaken by the policy makers/Government are periodic review of select social welfare schemes, revisiting its retirement and pension policy, removal of administrative bottlenecks and simplification of required documentation, enhancement in the pension amount, and adoption of a transparent disbursal mechanism.
Private health insurance does not cover the chronic morbidities in older adults though it is needed the most at these critical times of life. The premium escalates due to inflation and the coverage is after a waiting period of three to 4 years. If any untoward health event occurs during this period, it could be disastrous.
There are success stories on older adults’ self-groups in India which can be studied and implemented among those in the lower socioeconomic status and living in rural areas with community participation.
Food insecurity can be solved via the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Scheme) program in the Anganwadi, public distribution system by extending this to the older adults who are unable to cook. Meals on wheels at subsidized rates could also be encouraged.
Integrated care: This issue can be addressed through Community-based day care centers, NGO’s and Panchayat Raj Institutions, mobile medical clinics, and home-based care. The challenge for utilizing day care centers is that the older adult should have good ADL, IADL, accessibility and affordability to reach the day care center. Community based palliative care and dementia care are other explored areas with challenges of restricted trained and compassionate manpower.
Long term care: Practitioners are inadequately prepared to provide comprehensive care to the older adults. The informal caregivers and family caregivers are less prepared for these responsibilities and the burden of caregiving is translated to abuse of older adults (20). Equipping the family members to handle caring and daily decision-making of managing the chronic illness is a Herculean task, which should be addressed.
Newer models of financing and care delivery
“Adopting a granny” by school children especially when an old age home and school for orphans’ is cohabitated. This helps in intergenerational bonding and reduces the psychological stress. It also prevents burnout among the caregivers.
Capacity building on caregiving, bedside assistance, and methods to improve intergenerational bonding under the aegis of NICE (National Initiative on Care of Elderly)
Clinicians could utilize digital innovations for predicting falls, ensuring early interventions which in turn supports the healthcare system through reduced ICU (Intensive Care Unit) admissions and medical expenditure.
Promoting Silver economy by the Government with cash assistance to encourage entrepreneurs to think tank on innovative solutions for older adults.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds by companies for older adults for infrastructure and or care is an approved item yet untapped resource.
Adapting to Indian context
The number of older adults is bound to increase with better health affordability, improved technology, higher life expectancy and feminization, and evolving family structure both in urban and rural areas. It is therefore imperative that we organize our fragmented older adult care ecosystem. A multipronged approach is essential for acute and long-term care of older adults. India needs to evolve a framework with appropriate policies to attract investment in the sector, quality standards should be set for care delivery and appropriate timely regulations should be in place. Co-financing for the health of senior adults can mitigate health expenditure. For the home environment to be safe and secure for older adults, innovative cost effective, feasible digital tech solutions should be developed and nurtured by entrepreneurs.
Case Study
In southern India, Mrs. X, aged 80 years, a widow with three children (two males and one female), went into an institutionalized home due to the absence of a devoted full-time family caregiver. Her husband’s pension was the only financial support but could not meet the entire medical expenses. Philanthropic organizations helped her to deal with this (socio-cultural support was provided in the institutional setting). Since she was a resident for a long time, her last few days were spent peacefully in the same place. Finally, she donated her body to the medical college for the student’s learning.
Despite the availability of such philanthropic organizations and non-governmental agencies (NGO) many are not aware about them. Owning to the urban concentration of such facilities, the affordability to avail some of these services are beyond the reach of many older adult.
Key Observations:
Inadequate knowledge about professional caregivers and the organizations providing such services.
Lack of affordability and absence of pooled human and financial resources.
Dealing with co-morbidities through an integrated multi-disciplinary approach.
Proposed Direction of Travel:
Ageing in place in the familiar environment of home through trained domiciliary care givers could be a potential solution.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
NS: Writing – original draft, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation. MV: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft. SS: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization, Supervision.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the inputs of Medha Y. Rao – Dean – Academics, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, and Meghashyam Bhat − Public health dentist and oral epidemiologist, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospitals.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Summary
Keywords
older adult, healthy aging, healthcare, healthcare services, National Health Programs, digital health mission, India
Citation
Sastry NB, Vempadapu M and Sivananjiah S (2024) Toward adapting the UN’s healthy aging agenda for India: tailoring to unique historical context and traditions. Front. Public Health 11:1346962. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1346962
Received
30 November 2023
Accepted
22 December 2023
Published
11 January 2024
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited by
Madhan Balasubramanian, Flinders University, Australia
Reviewed by
Kanchan Marcus, The University of Sydney, Australia; Lalit Yadav, Macquarie University, Australia
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Sastry, Vempadapu and Sivananjiah.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Shalini Sivananjiah, shalini.sivananjiah@ramaiahims.com
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.