ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Chem.

Sec. Polymer Chemistry

Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1618870

Protein-Based Double-Network Hydrogels Mimicking Oral Mucosa

Provisionally accepted
Yu  ZhangYu Zhang1,2Liang  DongLiang Dong1*Keqing  WangKeqing Wang3Yuanqi  ChengYuanqi Cheng1Tian  GaoTian Gao1Jiapeng  YangJiapeng Yang2Xiaochen  ShenXiaochen Shen3*Yi  CaoYi Cao1*Bin  XueBin Xue1*
  • 1Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
  • 2Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
  • 3China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

The oral mucosa plays a critical role in protecting the body from external threats and serves as a key site for drug absorption. However, ethical concerns and the high costs associated with animal models traditionally used for oral mucosa research have increased the demand for reliable alternatives. In this study, we developed two types of protein-based double-network hydrogels to replicate the mechanical and structural properties of buccal mucosa and hard palate, respectively. By incorporating polyprotein into the rigid network and elastin-like peptides as the loose network, we fabricated hydrogels that closely resemble the physical properties of natural oral mucosa. These hydrogels exhibit a microporous structure, as well as surface and mechanical properties, and particle permeability comparable to native tissue, while maintaining excellent biocompatibility. We anticipate that these hydrogels can serve as model systems for investigating drug delivery, pathogen interactions, and aerosol particle adsorption in the oral mucosa. The design principles presented in this study could also be extended to fabricate protein-based biomaterials that mimic mucosal tissues in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, providing a general approach for developing biomimetic materials for mucosal tissues.

Keywords: Protein hydrogel, Double-network hydrogel, oral mucosa, Biomimetic material, Elastin-like peptides

Received: 27 Apr 2025; Accepted: 31 May 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Zhang, Dong, Wang, Cheng, Gao, Yang, Shen, Cao and Xue. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Liang Dong, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Xiaochen Shen, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
Yi Cao, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Bin Xue, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

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