ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Clinical Nutrition
This article is part of the Research TopicSmart Prevention and Precision Care: Machine Learning in Cardiometabolic and Oncologic DiseasesView all 3 articles
Prognostic Value of the BAB Index and a Machine Learning Model Integrating the BAB Index for Predicting Mortality in Acute ST-Segment Elevation
Provisionally accepted
Haonan Xu1Tianshu Gu1Shuo Zhang1Shuang Zhao1
Juan Xie2
Jinhua Zhao1Gary Tse1
Tong Liu1
Kang-Yin Chen1
Huaying Fu1*- 1Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- 2Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Background The high mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated not only with organ dysfunction and complications, but also with nutritional status. We aim to develop and validate a simple prognostic tool based on routinely serum biomarkers for predicting short-and long-term mortality in patients with STEMI, and to assess its contributing role in machine learning (ML) models. Methods Observational multicenter data from the Tianjin Coronary Artery Disease Database (2010–2021) were analyzed. The predictive abilities of biomarkers were identified via multivariable Cox regression. The BAB Index was calculated as Log₁₀(NT-proBNP × ALT × BUN). Prognostic performance was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) and compared with the CAMI-STEMI score. Validation included Cox regression, restricted cubic spline analysis (RCS), Kaplan–Meier survival, and subgroup analyses. ML models incorporating the BAB Index were constructed to verify the contributing roles of the BAB index in predicting 1-month and 1-year mortality. Results Among 8,002 STEMI patients, BAB Index showed strong discriminatory power for 1-month (AUC = 0.804) and 1-year mortality (AUC = 0.794), comparable to the CAMI-STEMI score (P = 0.641). Higher BAB Index were independently associated with increased mortality (P < 0.001). RCS revealed a linear relationship, and Kaplan– Meier analysis confirmed worse survival with higher BAB Index (P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated consistent findings. The XGBoost model achieved the highest performance for both 1-month (AUC 0.873) and 1-year mortality (AUC: 0.871), with BAB Index ranked among the top predictive features. Conclusions BAB Index is a simple, effective tool for predicting short-and long-term mortality in STEMI. BAB index maintains a leading position among interpretable ML models.
Keywords: BAB Index, biomarkers, machine learning, Mortality, risk prediction, STEMI
Received: 30 Oct 2025; Accepted: 12 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Xu, Gu, Zhang, Zhao, Xie, Zhao, Tse, Liu, Chen and Fu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Huaying Fu
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