ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Phys.
Sec. Cosmology
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fphy.2025.1599363
Universe 2.0: Black holes? No. Black stars!
Provisionally accepted
- ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Strong analytical evidence reveals that every solution of the Schwarzschild-Kerr metric, when continuously solving the metric across the event horizon, violates the conditions of the symmetry group, inevitably, which renders the long-term vision of black holes untenable. General relativity does not support a passable horizon hosting an infinitely concentrated mass in vacuum. The hitherto notion of black holes breaks down altogether. A new Schwarzschild solution, integrated within a massive shell, and a revaluation of the gravitational collapse yield a new vision of black stars of fluid, formed by a continuous progression of stacked horizons from the center to the surface. Thus, the current theory fundamentally differs from attempts to avoid horizons, such as mimickers, gravastars, boson stars, or gravitational metamaterials. The exterior view of Schwarzschild-Kerr black holes is not affected at all, but the inner view is obsolete. The information paradox and the conflict with the Pauli exclusion principle are solved and the Newtonian shell theorem is fully applicable in the relativistic context.
Keywords: black hole, Black star, Birkhoff theorem, Event horizon, general relativity, information paradox, Pauli exclusion principle, Schwarzschild metric
Received: 24 Mar 2025; Accepted: 05 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Böhm-Mäder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Johannes Böhm-Mäder, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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