Hydroxy-Substituted Azacalix[4]Pyridines: Synthesis, Structure, and Construction of Functional Architectures
En-Xuan Zhang
De-Xian Wang
Mei-Xiang Wang3*- 1Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- 2School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- 3The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
A number of hydroxyl-substituted azacalix[4]pyridines were synthesized using Pd-catalyzed macrocyclic “2+2” and “3+1” coupling methods and the protection–deprotection strategy of hydroxyl group. While the conformation of the these hydroxyl-substituted azacalix[4]pyridines is fluxional in solution, in the solid state, they adopted shape-persistent 1,3-alternate conformations. Besides, X-ray analysis revealed that the existence of hydroxy groups on the para-position of pyridine facilitated the formation of solvent-bridged intermolecular hydrogen bonding for mono-hydroxyl-substituted while partial tautomerization for four-hydroxyl-substituted macrocycles, respectively. Taking the hydroxyl-substituted azacalix[4]pyridines as molecular platforms, multi-macrocycle-containing architectures and functional building blocks were constructed. The self-assembly behavior of the resulting building blocks was investigated in crystalline state.
Introduction
Design of ingenious macrocyclic molecules has been one of the driving forces to promote the major advances of supramolecular chemistry, which has been manifested by examples of crownether, cyclodextrin, calixarene, resorcinarene, cucurbituril, calixpyrrole, pillarenes, etc. (Lehn et al., 1996). Indeed, macrocyclic compounds provide unique models in the study of non-covalent interactions, and they have been serving as building blocks in the construction of high-level supramolecular architectures. Typical examples such as by anchoring derivative groups on the macrocycles, versatile building blocks, have been prepared and widely applied to the fabrication of molecular devices and smart materials (Chen and Liu, 2010; Guo and Liu, 2014; Ma and Tian, 2014; Strutt et al., 2014; Caricato et al., 2015; Le Poul et al., 2015; Parisi et al., 2016; Murray et al., 2017; Pazos et al., 2018; Wang, 2018; Ogoshi et al., 2019).
Heteracalixaromatics, or heteroatom-bridged calix(het)arenes, are a new type of macrocyclic host molecules (König and Fonseca, 2000; Lhoták, 2004; Morohashi et al., 2006; Maes and Dehaen, 2008; Wang, 2008, 2012; Thomas et al., 2012; Ma and Chen, 2014; Chen and Han, 2018). In comparison with the classical calix[n]arenes in which the phenol moieties are linked by methylene units, heteracalixaromatics enjoy much richer molecular diversity and complexity as the different combinations of various heteroatoms and heteroaromatic rings afford almost limitless macrocyclic compounds. Because of the electronic nature of heteroatoms are different from that of carbon and they are able to conjugate differently with their adjacent aromatics, the incorporation of heteroatoms into the bridging positions and aromatic rings endows heteracalixaromatics unique conformational structures and versatile recognition properties. In particular, heteracalixaromatics show unique association property toward ionic species including cations (Gong et al., 2006a; Ma et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009; Fang et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2012, 2013), metal clusters (Gao et al., 2011, Gao et al., 2012; Zhang and Zhao, 2018), anions (Wang et al., 2008, 2010; Wang and Wang, 2013; Luo et al., 2018), and neutral molecules (Wang et al., 2004; Gong et al., 2007; Hu and Chen, 2010). Despite the powerful ability as host molecules, surprisingly, the application of heteracalixaromatics as functional building blocks is obviously underexplored. Herein, we report the facile synthesis and structure of a number of hydroxy-substituted azacalix[4]pyridines. These functionalized macrocycles as molecular platform to construct high-level architectures and functional building blocks were also demonstrated.
Results and Discussion
Synthesis
We attempted to synthesize the hydroxyl-substituted macrocycles from deprotection of the 4-methoxyphenyl (PMB) protected macrocycles. The PMB-protected macrocycle could be obtained from a Pd-catalyzed 3 + 1 coupling method. To access the target macrocycles, the mono-PMB-protected macrocycle 3 was initially examined (Scheme 1). 1a, which was prepared from nucleophilic substitution reaction between 4-(methoxyphenl)oxy-substituted 2,6-dibromopyridine 1a′ and CH3NH2 (Figure S1), was applied as the monomeric fragment and reacted with a nitrogen-linked linear trimeric aromatic fragment 2a (Gong et al., 2006b). The effects of catalyst, ligand and solvent, temperature, and concentration of the substrate were carefully examined (Table S1). It was found that Pd2(dba)3 (dba = trans,trans-dibenzylideneacetone) showed higher catalytic efficiency than PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 (entries 1–3, Table S1). Dppp [1,3-bis(diphenyphosphino)propane] was shown a better ligand than dppe [1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane], P(c-Hex)3 (tricyclohexylphosphine), and DPEphos [bis(2-dicyclohexylphosphinophenyl)ether] (entries 3–6, Table S1). Among the tested solvents including THF, 1,4-dioxane, o-xylene, and toluene, toluene turned out to be the best to facilitate the macrocyclization (entries 3 and 7–9, Table S1). Reaction temperature is crucial to the cross-coupling reaction. While lower temperature (70°C and 90°C) had a detrimental effect on the reaction, reaction in refluxing toluene could give the macrocyclic product 3 in chemical yield of 32% (entries 3, 10, and 11, Table S1). When 10% mol Pd2(dba)3, 20% mol dppp, and monomer 1a at a concentration of 10 mM were employed in refluxing toluene, the macrocyclization gave the highest chemical yield of 40% (entries 12–20, Table S1).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of mono-PMB-protected macrocycle 3.
Encouraged by the synthesis of 3, the synthesis of other PMB-protected macrocycles was then attempted. We envisioned that the 3 + 1 and 2 + 2 coupling strategy could be applicable to obtain these macrocycles. Based on such hypothesis, we prepared different 4-(methoxyphenl)oxy-substituted di-bromopyridine and di-methylaminopyridine fragments, respectively (Figure S1). Pleasantly, both 3 + 1 and 2 + 2 cross-coupling methods worked equally well. Under the optimized conditions for synthesis 3, the macrocycles 6–9 bearing different numbers (n = 2–4) of (4-methoxybenzyl)oxy groups were obtained in acceptable yields (30–34%) (Table 1).
Table 1. Synthesis of (4-methoxybenzyl)oxy-protected macrocycles 6–9.
For the synthesis of hydroxyl-substituted azacalix[4]pyridines 10–14, the Pb/C-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions were performed on the different protected macrocycles. As shown in Scheme 2, all the reactions proceeded with high efficiency to afford the desired products in the yields ranging from 95 to 99%.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of hydroxyl-substituted azacalix[4]pyridines 10–14.
Structure
The characterization of 10–14 was established on spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. In solution, all the macrocyclic compounds gave one set of 1H and 13C NMR signals, indicating that they are very fluxional at room temperature and the various conformational structures most probably interconvert rapidly relative to the NMR time scale (Figures S2, S3). Under decreased temperatures (from 298 to 178 K), the conformational interconversion became slow and coexistence of different conformations was clearly observed at 178 K (Figure S4). To probe the structure in solid state, single crystals were cultivated and analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. Pleasantly, slow evaporation of the solutions of 10 (Supplementary Data Sheet 2) and 14 (Supplementary Data Sheet 3) produced single crystals with high quality; the structural details are demonstrated in Figures 1, 2, and Table S2 respectively. In the case of 10, the molecule shows a similar 1,3-alternate conformation with other azacalix[4]pyridines (Figures 1A,B). While the existence of hydroxyl group on the para-position of one pyridine does not affect the conformation of the macrocyclic backbone; it leads to interesting hydrogen-bonded packing. For example, each hydroxyl group as hydrogen bond donor interacts with the oxygen of DMSO; an infinite DMSO-separated layer structure is then produced (Figure 1C).
Figure 1. Crystal structure of 10, top view (A) and side view (B), DMSO-separated layer structure through hydrogen bonding (C). Probability is 25%, parts of the hydrogens are omitted for clarity.
Figure 2. Crystal structure of 14′, top view (A) and dimer structure linked by hydrogen bonding network (B). Selected bond length (Å): C8–O2 1.291, C3–O1 1.349. Selected distance (Å): O2–O1 2.574, O2–O3 2.700, O3–O1 2.887.
Surprisingly, the structure crystallized from 14 might not be this compound itself. Representative parameters such as two of the C–O distances (dC8−O2 = 1.291 Å) is shorter than the other pair (dC3−O1 = 1.349 Å). The former distance is typical of C = O double bond, while the latter is C–O single bond as expected (Figure 2). Besides, a dimer structure linked by an O2–O1–O3–O2 hydrogen bonding network could be observed. Here, O2 serves as a hydrogen bond acceptor while the hydroxyl group (O1) or a water molecule (O3) serves as a hydrogen bond donor (Figure 2B). The function of O2 in the hydrogen bonding network is consistent with the nature of carbonyl oxygen. These structural features therefore indicate that the obtained structure is a partially tautomerized compound 14′, i.e., two of the 4-hydroxyl pyridine of 14 turn to pyridine-4-one moieties. As in solution, 14 gives one set of NMR signals, and the partial tautomerization product is most probably facilitated in solid state (Scheme 3).
Scheme 3. Tautomerization of 14.
Application of the Hydroxyl-Substituted Azacalix[4]pyridines
We took the mono- and tetrahydroxy-substituted azacalix[4]pyridines as representative molecular platforms and tested the possibility to construct high-level architectures and functional building blocks. As illustrated in Scheme 4, treatment of 10 with 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene 15 in the presence of NaH in DMF proceeded smoothly to afford a di-cavity compound 16 in 80% yield. When a linker compound 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene 17 was applied under the same reaction condition, the tri-cavity compound 18 was obtained in 46% yield (Scheme 4).
Scheme 4. Synthesis of di- and tri-cavity architectures 17 and 18.
On the other hand, we applied 14 as the starting materials to react with pyridine-2-acylchloride hydrochloride 19 and pyridine-4-acylchloride hydrochloride 20, respectively. The reactions in the presence of trimethylammonium in CH2Cl2 resulted in two pyridine-contained functional building blocks 21 and 22 in 64 and 52% yields, respectively (Scheme 5).
Scheme 5. Construction of functional building blocks 21 and 22.
The introduction of the pyridine substituents on azacalix[4]pyridine provides diverse binding sites to facilitate intermolecular self-assembly. To demonstrate the application of the functional building blocks, the self-assembly of 21 and 22 in crystalline state was investigated (Table S3). It is worth addressing that the different pyridine substituents caused significant changes in the conformations. In the case of 21, the azacalix[4]pyridine backbone maintains the typical 1,3-alternate conformation, i.e., two of the pyridines tend to be edge-to-edge flattened while the other two pyridines tend to be face-to-face paralleled (Figure 3A). For 22, the molecule exhibits a non-typical orthorhombic 1,3-alternate conformation (Figure 4A). Moreover, due to the different shapes of the building block and different position of nitrogen on the substituent pyridines, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between pyridine-N and pyridine-H yielded different 2D networks for 21 (Supplementary Data Sheet 4) and 22 (Supplementary Data Sheet 5), respectively. For building block 21, hydrogen bonding is formed between the substituent pyridines; the interaction of pyridine-N with pyridine-2-H or pyridine-4-H contributes to the formation of hydrogen bond network (Figure 3B), while for 22, the substituent pyridine-N forms hydrogen bond with the aryl hydrogen of pyridine on the backbone, which produces network with rhombic porosity (Figure 4B).
Figure 3. Self-assembly of 21, (A) side view of building block and (B) self-assembly structure. Selected hydrogen bonding distance (Å): N9…H36 2.721, N12…H40 2.626. Selected hydrogen bonding angle (°): N9–H36–C36 159.6, N12–H40–C40 139.5.
Figure 4. Self-assembly of 22, (A) side view of building block and (B) self-assembly structure. Selected hydrogen bonding distance (Å): N6…H16 2.555. Selected hydrogen bonding angle (°): N6–H16–C16 172.3.
Conclusion
In summary, we have synthesized hydroxyl-substituted azacalix[4]pyridines using an efficient protection–deprotection strategy and Pd-catalyzed macrocyclic “2+2” and “3+1” coupling methods. The unique structure and tautomerization of the macrocycle in solid state were revealed by X-ray analysis. This work demonstrated that the synthesized macrocycles could be useful molecular platforms for highly efficient construction of multi-macrocycle-containing architectures and functional building blocks. The high-level architectures and the functional building blocks could find the potential application in fabricating supramolecular or metal-organic porous framework in the future.
Experimental
General Information
Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million vs. tetramethylsilane with either tetramethylsilane or the residual solvent resonance used as an internal standard. Melting points are uncorrected. Elemental analyses, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography were performed at the Analytical Laboratory of the Institute. All solvents were dried according to standard procedures prior to use. All other major chemicals were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification.
General Procedure for the Synthesis of (4-methoxybenzyl)Oxy-substituted Macrocycles 3, 6–9
Under argon protection, a mixture of di-methylaminopyridine fragment (2 mmol) and di-bromopyridine fragment (2.2 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (184 mg, 0.2 mmol), dppp (164 mg, 0.2 mmol), and sodium tert-butoxide (576 mg, 3 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (400 ml) was heated at reflux for 5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature and filtered through a Celite pad. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to remove toluene and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 ml) and washed with brine (3 × 15 ml). The aqueous phase was re-extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 20 ml), and the combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After removal of solvent, the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (100–200) with a mixture of petroleum ether and acetone as the mobile phase to give the products.
(4-Methoxybenzyl)Oxy-Substituted Macrocycle 3
A white solid (449 mg, 40% yield); mp 191–193°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.39–7.32 (m, 5H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.39 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.34–6.30 (m, 4H), 6.04 (s, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.20 (s, 6H), 3.17 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.2, 160.2, 159.6, 159.2, 159.0, 138.3, 137.8, 129.2, 128.5, 114.1, 109.5, 107.5, 96.9, 69.4, 55.3, 36.6; IR (KBr) v 1,578, 1,559, 1,515, and 1,473 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 599 [M+K]+ (28), 583 [M+Na]+ (50), 561 [M+H]+ (100). Anal. Calcd. for C32H32N8O2: C, 68.55; H, 5.75; N, 19.99. Found: C, 68.49; H, 5.83; N, 19.91.
(4-Methoxybenzyl)Oxy-substituted Macrocycle 6
A white solid (457 mg, 33% yield); mp 273–274°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 7.35 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H), 6.86 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H), 6.42 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 5.96 (s, 4H), 4.96 (s, 4H), 3.81 (s, 6H), 3.18 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.7, 160.2, 159.5, 159.1, 138.0, 129.2, 128.7, 114.0, 111.9, 92.4, 69.4, 55.2, 36.6; IR (KBr) v 1,580, 1,559, and 1,515 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 719 [M+Na]+ (40), 697 [M+H]+ (100). Anal. Calcd. for C40H40N8O4: C, 68.95; H, 5.79; N, 16.08. Found: C, 68.77; H, 5.49; N, 16.28.
(4-Methoxybenzyl)Oxy-substituted Macrocycle 7
A white solid (415 mg, 30% yield); mp 98–99°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 7.38 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.35 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.37 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.36 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.01 (s, 2H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 4.97 (s, 4H), 3.82 (s, 6H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.15 (s, 3H); δ 167.3, 160.1, 159.6, 159.1, 137.9, 129.3, 128.4, 114.1, 108.6, 95.9, 69.4, 55.4, 36.6; IR (KBr) v 1,581, 1,560, 1,514, and 1,468 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 735 [M+K]+ (6), 719 [M+Na]+ (14), 697 [M+H]+ (100). Anal. Calcd. for C40H40N8O4: C, 68.95; H, 5.79; N, 16.08. Found: C, 68.75; H, 5.70; N, 16.21.
(4-Methoxybenzyl)Oxy-substituted Macrocycle 8
A white solid (566 mg, 34% yield); mp 101–102°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 7.37 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H), 6.45 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.10 (s, 2H), 5.93 (s, 2H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.96 (s, 6H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.14 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.7, 166.8, 160.2, 160.1, 159.7, 159.4, 159.1, 137.5, 129.3, 129.2, 128.6, 128.4, 114.2, 114.0, 112.6, 100.0, 91.7, 69.4, 55.3(4), 55.2(8), 36.6; IR (KBr) v 1,583, 1,559, and 1,514 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 871 [M+K]+ (1), 855 [M+Na]+ (26), 833 [M+H]+ (100). Anal. Calcd. for C48H48N8O6: C, 69.21; H, 5.81; N, 13.45. Found: C, 69.19; H, 5.93; N, 13.45.
(4-Methoxybenzyl)Oxy-substituted Macrocycle 9
A white solid (620 mg, 32% yield); mp 203–204°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 7.26 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 8H), 6.83 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 8H), 6.03 (s, 8H), 4.92 (s, 8H), 3.79 (s, 12H), 3.16 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.4, 160.1, 159.4, 129.3, 128.5, 113.9, 95.7, 69.4, 55.2, 36.8; IR (KBr) v 1,583, 1,559, and 1,514 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 991 [M+Na]+ (39), 969 [M+H]+ (100). Anal. Calcd. for C56H56N8O8: C, 69.41; H, 5.82; N, 11.56. Found: C, 69.29; H, 5.89; N, 11.63.
General Procedure for the Synthesis of Hydroxyl-Substituted Azacalix[4]pyridines 10–14
Under nitrogen protection, Pd/C (150 mg, 10 wt%) was added rapidly in a 100-ml round bottom flask with a mixture of PMB-protected macrocycles (2 mmol), THF (20 ml), and methanol (20 ml). The flask was switched three times with hydrogen balloon. The reaction was stopped after reacting at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was worked up in two ways. Method A: After filtration of the catalyst and removal of the solvent, the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (100–200) with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol as the mobile phase to give the product. Method B: Before filtration of catalyst, the concentrated aqueous ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture to dissolve the precipitated product. After filtration of the catalyst and removal of the solvent, acetone was added to slurry the residue. The solid was filtered out and washed with a small amount of acetone and dried to give the product.
Hydroxyl-Substituted Azacalix[4]pyridine 10
Workup by method A, the product was a white solid (872 mg, 99% yield): 260–262°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) 10.05 (s, 1H), 7.49–7.40 (m, 3H), 6.40–6.34 (m, 6H), 5.82 (s, 2H), 3.10 (s, 6H), 3.03 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 166.2, 159.4, 158.4, 158.3, 158.2, 138.6, 138.3, 108.4, 108.2, 96.5, 36.2; IR (KBr) v 3,388, 1,578, and 1,470 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 479 [M+K]+ (5), 463 [M+Na]+ (45), 441 [M+H]+ (100). Anal. Calcd. for C24H24N8O: C, 65.44; H, 5.49; N, 25.44. Found: C, 65.21; H, 5.54; N, 25.34.
Hydroxyl-Substituted Azacalix[4]pyridine 11
Workup by method A, the product was obtained as a white solid (904 mg, 99% yield): > 300°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) 9.93 (s, 2H), 7.39 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.48 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 4H), 5.70 (s, 4H), 3.03 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 166.6, 159.4, 158.5, 138.0, 116.2, 88.6, 36.3; IR (KBr) v 3,368, 3,260, 1,588, and 1,475 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 495 [M+K]+ (5), 479 [M+Na]+ (20), 457 [M+H]+ (100). exact mass (HRESI) found 457.2092, C24H25N8O2 requires: 457.2095.
Hydroxyl-Substituted Azacalix[4]pyridine 12
Workup by method A, the product was obtained as a white solid (886 mg, 97% yield): 239–241°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) 10.08 (s, 2H), 7.46 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.41 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.85 (s, 4H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.05 (s, 6H), 2.99 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 158.1, 138.3, 108.3, 96.8, 36.3, 36.2; IR (KBr) v 3,401, 1,573, and 1,477 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 479 [M+Na]+ (25), 457 [M+H]+ (100). Exact mass (HRESI) found 457.2094, C24H25N8O2 requires: 457.2095.
Hydroxyl-Substituted Azacalix[4]pyridine 13
Workup by method A, the product was obtained as a white solid (936 mg, 99% yield): > 300°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) 10.08 (s, 1H), 9.90 (s, 2H), 7.41 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 5.67 (s, 2H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 3.06 (s, 6H), 2.96 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 166.6, 165.4, 159.5, 159.4, 159.3, 158.4, 137.3, 116.2, 104.5, 88.5, 36.3; IR (KBr) v 3,259, 1,586, and 1,477 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 495 [M+Na]+ (100), 473 [M+H]+ (20). Exact mass (HRESI) found 473.2033, C24H25N8O3 requires: 473.2044.
Hydroxyl-Substituted Azacalix[4]pyridine 14
Workup by method B, the product was obtained as a white solid (928 mg, 95% yield): > 300°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) 9.90 (s, 4H), 5.79 (s, 8H), 2.96 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 166.0, 159.4, 95.9, 36.6; IR (KBr) v 3,512, 3,398, 1,578, and 1,490 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 511 [M+Na]+ (74), 489 [M+H]+ (100). Exact mass (HRESI) found 489.1983, C24H25N8O4 requires: 489.1993.
Preparation of Di-Cavity Compound 17
To a solution of 10 (92.5 mg, 0.21 mmol) in dry DMF (2 ml) at room temperature was added NaH (7.2 mg, 0.3 mmol) slowly and the mixture was agitated for 1 h. 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene 15 (26 mg, 0.1 mmol) was added to the mixture slowly and the reaction mixture was agitated for another 4 h, and then water (20 mL) was added and extracted by ethyl acetate (3 × 20 ml). The organic phase was washed by saturated brine (2 × 20 ml) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After removal of solvent, the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (100–200) with a mixture of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate as the mobile phase to give pure 16 (79 mg, 80%) as a white solid: 253–254°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.46–7.45 (m, 3H), 7.35 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 6H), 6.38 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 6.35 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 6.33 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 6.04 (s, 4H), 5.10 (s, 4H), 3.20 (s, 12H), 3.17 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.1, 160.2, 159.1, 159.0, 158.9, 138.4, 137.9, 137.0, 129.1, 127.2, 126.4, 108.8, 108.2, 96.1, 69.3, 36.6; IR (KBr) v 1,583 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 1,005 [M+Na]+ (7), 983 [M+H]+ (100). Anal. Calcd. for C56H54N16O2: C, 68.41; H, 5.54; N, 22.80. Found: C, 68.44; H, 5.55; N, 22.71.
Preparation of Tri-Cavity Compound 18
Compound 18 was prepared from 10 and 1,3,5-tribromomesitylene 17 by a similar procedure to the synthesis of 16. Quantities: 10 (132 mg, 0.3 mmol), NaH (10.8 mg, 0.45 mmol), 1,3,5-tribromomesitylene 17 (35.7 mg, 0.1 mmol), and DMF (2 mL). The product was obtained as a light yellow solid (66 mg, 46%): 208–210°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 7.54 (s, 3H), 7.38–7.33 (m, 9H), 6.39–6.35 (m, 18H), 6.04 (s, 6H), 5.14 (s, 6H), 3.20 (s, 18H), 3.18 (s, 18H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.1, 160.1, 159.1, 159.0, 158.9, 138.4, 138.0, 137.6, 125.9, 108.8(1), 108.7(6), 108.4, 95.6, 69.1, 36.6(4), 36.6(2); IR (KBr) v 1,582 cm−1; MS (MALDI-TOF) m/z (%) 1,473 [M+K]+ (2), 1,457 [M+Na]+ (9), 1,435 [M+H]+ (100). Anal. Calcd. for C81H78N24O3:C, 67.77; H, 5.48; N, 23.42. Found: C, 67.60; H, 5.58; N, 23.02.
Preparation of Functional Building Block 21
To a solution of 14 (98 mg, 0.2 mmol) in dry dicholormethane (20 ml) at room temperature was added pyridine-2-acylchloride hydrochloride 19 (156 mg, 0.88 mmol) and triethylamine (0.55 ml). After reacting for 24 h, the reaction mixture was washed by saturated Na2CO3 solution (10 ml) and saturated brine (3 × 20 ml) and then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After removal of solvent, the residue was crystallized by dichloromethane and ethyl acetate to give pure 21 as a light yellow solid (117 mg, 64%): > 300°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 8.68 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 4H), 8.13 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 7.76–7.70 (m, 4H), 7.44–7.39 (m, 4H), 6.50 (s, 8H), 3.25 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.5, 160.1, 159.8, 150.0, 147.2, 137.0, 127.2, 125.8, 102.2, 36.8; IR (KBr) v 1,763, 1,744, and 1,581 cm−1; MS (ESI) m/z (%) 931 [M+Na]+ (100), 909 [M+H]+ (86). Exact mass (HRESI) found 909.2828, C48H37N12O8 requires: 909.2852.
Preparation of Functional Building Block 22
Compound 22 was prepared from 14 and pyridine-4-acylchloride hydrochloride 20 by a similar procedure to the synthesis of 21. Quantities: 14 (195 mg, 0.4 mmol), 20 (331 mg, 1.76 mmol), dichloromethane (20 ml), and triethylamine (1.11 ml). The product was obtained as a light yellow solid (190 mg, 52%): 289–291°C; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 8.74 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 8H), 7.84 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 8H), 6.46 (s, 8H), 3.26 (s, 12H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.5, 159.8, 159.7, 150.7, 136.4, 123.0, 101.9, 36.8; IR (KBr) v 1,748, 1,607, and 1,571 cm−1; MS (ESI) m/z (%) 931 [M+Na]+ (100), 909 [M+H]+ (40). Exact mass (HRESI) found 909.2848, C48H37N12O8 requires: 909.2852.
Data Availability
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Author Contributions
E-XZ performed the experiments and participated in manuscript preparation. D-XW and M-XW prepared the manuscript.
Funding
We are grateful for the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21772203, 21732004, and 21521002) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-SLH023).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2019.00553/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: heteracalixaromatics, azacalix[4]pyridine, fragment coupling, functionalization, self-assembly
Citation: Zhang E-X, Wang D-X and Wang M-X (2019) Hydroxy-Substituted Azacalix[4]Pyridines: Synthesis, Structure, and Construction of Functional Architectures. Front. Chem. 7:553. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00553
Received: 01 June 2019; Accepted: 22 July 2019;
Published: 16 August 2019.
Edited by:
Sébastien Vidal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FranceReviewed by:
Dario Pasini, University of Pavia, ItalyKhaleel Assaf, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany
Mark W. Peczuh, University of Connecticut, United States
Copyright © 2019 Zhang, Wang and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: De-Xian Wang, dxwang@iccas.ac.cn; Mei-Xiang Wang, wangmx@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn