Effect of Graphene Oxide–Modified Cobalt Nickel Phosphate on Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin

Introduction

Epoxy resin (EP) is well known for its excellent mechanical and chemical properties and has been used in various fields such as electronics and insulating materials. (Kong et al., 2017a; Li et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2020; Nie et al., 2020). However, its severe flammability with toxic gases and smoke during combustion limits its wide application (Zhang et al., 2018; Kong et al., 2019c; Yang et al., 2019). Therefore, searching for efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardants that can reduce the flammability of EP has become the pursuit of many researchers.

In recent years, transition metals and phosphorus-containing compounds have been found to have excellent ability to catalyze the formation of char and catalyze the conversion of harmful substances, arousing wide attention of researchers (Zheng et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2018; Feng et al., 2019; Kong et al., 2019a; Zhang et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2019). A new flame retardant (P-MnMo₆) was synthesized with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) with polyoxometalate and added to EP (Peng et al., 2020). The results demonstrated that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/P-MnMo₆-4 nanocomposites was reduced by 41% and the char yield increased significantly, and CO and smoke emissions were also greatly suppressed. In particular, the addition of ultra-thin layered nanomaterials can increase the viscosity of a polymer and form an insulating char layer during the combustion process, thereby slowing the oxygen overflow rates and reducing the amount of combustible gas (Kong et al., 2018b, Asabina et al., 2019, Kong et al., 2019b). For example, the hybrid NiFe-LDH-MoS₂ was prepared by a simple self-assembly method and blended into EP to prepare EP/NiFe-LDH-MoS₂ nanocomposites. When 2 wt% NiFe-LDH-MoS₂ was added to EP, the PHRR and total heat release (THR) values were reduced by 66 and 34%, respectively. The output of smoke and toxic gas, such as CO and CO₂, was significantly reduced (Zhou et al., 2017). A multifunctional nanohybrid (Ti₃C₂T_x@MCA) was prepared by interacting titanium carbide nanosheets (Ti₃C₂T_x, MXene) with melamine cyanurate (MCA) via hydrogen bonding interactions. The significantly improved mechanical and fire-safe performances of TPU/Ti₃C₂T_x@MCA-3.0 were superior to those of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites filled with other nanoadditives (Shi et al., 2020). Therefore, it is possible that layered transition metal phosphide flame retardants could be prepared together with catalytic transition metals and phosphorus element, and applied to polymers, which will inevitably improve the flame retardancy of macromolecule polymers.

Graphene has attracted more and more attention in the flame retardancy of polymers due to its high specific surface area, thermal stability, and unique 2D structure (Cote et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2015; Cai et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2019). In particular, graphene oxide (GO), which has organic groups such as -OH, -COOH, and C-O, can enhance compatibility with a polymer matrix, thereby improving dispersibility in the polymer matrix (Huang et al., 2011; Kong et al., 2018a; Yue et al., 2019). DOPO was covalently bonded to GO and added to an EP matrix for preparing EP/DOPO-rGO nanocomposites. When 10 wt% DOPO-rGO was added, the char yield and limiting oxygen index (LOI) value were increased by 81 and 30%, respectively, and obviously improved the flame retardancy of the EP (Liao et al., 2012). A multifunctional hydrophilic graphene-based hybrid (RGO@Ni(OH)₂) containing Ni(OH)₂ nanoribbons and reduced GO (RGO) was synthesized, and hexagonal boron nitride sheets were simultaneously added into an EP matrix.

The PHRR, THR, and total smoke production values of EP/hexagonal boron nitride/RGO@Ni(OH)₂ nanocomposites were reduced by 33.5, 33.8, and 43.0%, respectively (Feng et al., 2020). A new graphene-based inorganic–organic hybrid flame retardant (GFR) was prepared by hybridization of functionalized GO and phenyl-bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl) phosphoramide; only with the addition of 1 wt% GFR in EP, the char yield was increased by 10.4%, and the PHRR and THR values were decreased by 43 and 44.7%, respectively (Mu et al., 2016).

Therefore, in combination with literature analysis, a type of ultra-thin flame retardant cobalt nickel phosphate (NiCoPO₃) nanoplates were successfully synthesized, which were grown on the surface of GO by the surface growth method. Then, the new hybrid flame retardant (GO-NiCoPO₃) was incorporated into the EP matrix to prepare EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites. Compared with other phosphorus-containing flame retardants, such as phosphorus-containing silane (Tang et al., 2020b), ammonium polyphosphate (Reuter et al., 2020), phosphazene-triazine bi-group (Chen et al., 2020), aluminum diethylphosphinate (Tang et al., 2020c), melamine phenylhypophosphonate (Zhu et al., 2020), and melamine pyrophosphate (Tang et al., 2020a), GO-NiCoPO₃ has nanoscale ultra-thin layered structures, which can have a layered barrier effect in the combustion process of polymer composites, and has more organic functional groups to better integrate with polymer composites. GO-NiCoPO₃ has low loading in polymers; hence, when only 4 wt% was added to EP, in the UL-94 tests, EP/4 GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites passed V-1 rating.

Experimental Section

Materials

Graphite powder (spectral pure), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, AR, ≥99.5%), cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate (C₄H₆CoO₄·4H₂O, AR, ≥99.5%), nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate (C₄H₆NiO₄·4H₂O, AR, ≥98.0%), sodium pyrophosphate (Na₄O₇P₂, AR, ≥99.0%), acetone (C₃H₆O, AR, ≥99.5%), EP (NPEL128), and 4, 4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM, ≥98.0%) were purchased by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃, AR, ≥99.0%) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, AR, ≥30%) were purchased from Wuxi Jingke Chemical Co., Ltd. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, AR, 95–98%) was provided by Shanghai Jutai Special Reagent Co., Ltd. All chemicals were of analytical grade purity and used without any further purification.

Preparation of NiCoPO₃

C₄H₆NiO₄·4H₂O (0.4 g), C₄H₆CoO₄·4H₂O (0.478 g), Na₄O₇P₂ (0.839 g), and 10 ml of water were mixed together. Then, the above mixed solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and transferred to a 100-ml stainless steel autoclave lined with polytetrafluoroethylene heated at 180°C for 24 h. The products were washed several times with water and ethanol, and dried at 80°C for 24 h.

Preparation of GO-NiCoPO₃

GO was prepared by a modified Hummer’s method (Yu et al., 2017). First, C₄H₆NiO₄·4H₂O (0.4 g), C₄H₆CoO₄·4H₂O (0.478 g), Na₄O₇P₂ (0.839 g), and 15 ml (1 g/l) of GO were mixed together. Then, the above mixed solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and transferred to a 100-ml stainless steel autoclave lined with polytetrafluoroethylene heated at 180°C for 24 h. The black products were centrifuged and dried under vacuum at 80°C for 24 h.

Preparation of Epoxy Resin/Graphene Oxide–Cobalt Nickel Phosphate Nanocomposites

First, GO-NiCoPO₃ was added to acetone and sonicated until completely dispersed; then, EP was added to the above solution and subjected to ultrasound. The homogenous system was stirred at 90°C, DDM was charged into the above system, and stirring was continued until DDM completely dissolved and blended vigorously for 5 min. The homogenized samples were rapidly poured into moulds and, cured at 110, 130, and 150°C/2 h. The preparation procedure of pure EP and EP/NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites was exactly the same as the above process. The specific contents are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Ingredients of EP nanocomposites.

Characterization

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) has a graphite monochromatic diffraction line of Cu Kα, λ = 1.5418 Å, an operating voltage of 40 kV, and current of 100 mA. The diffractometer was of the Japanese Rigaku MAX-RB model. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were tested by the KBr tableting method, and the spectral frequency ranges from 400 to 4,000 cm⁻¹. It is a spectrometer of the 6700 model of Nicolet Instrument Co., Ltd. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electro microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the microstructures and morphology of NiCoPO₃ and GO-NiCoPO₃. The acceleration voltage was 100 kV, and the transmission electron microscope was of the Japanese JEOL JEM-100SX model.

Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out using a TG/DSC1 device manufactured by METTLER TOLEDO under a nitrogen atmosphere with a linear heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹. LOI measurements were performed using an oxygen index model instrument (Fire Testing Technology, United Kingdom). The spline size was 130 mm³ × 6.5 mm³ × 3.2 mm³ according to ASTM D 2863-97. Based on ASTM D 3801, the vertical combustion test (UL-94) was carried out in a combustion chamber (Fire Testing Technology, United Kingdom), and the spline size was 130 mm³ × 12.7 mm³ × 3.2 mm³. Micro-combustion calorimetry (MCC) generally involved pulverizing a sample (5 mg) in a nitrogen stream (80 cm³ min⁻¹). The cleavage product was mixed with a stream of oxygen (20 cm³ min⁻¹) and then burned at 900°C. The furnace was heated to the desired temperature to obtain heat release parameters, which were measured using a MCC-2 calorimeter (Govmark, United States).

Results and Discussion

Structure and Performance of Graphene Oxide–Cobalt Nickel Phosphate

The XRD is often used to investigate the lamellar structure and crystallinity of inorganic nanomaterials (Guo et al., 2020; Xue et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). Figure 1A presents the XRD pattern of NiCoPO₃, which reveals the characteristic peaks at 2θ = 13.3°, 17.9°, 26.1°, 26.7°, 26.9°, 27.4°, 29.9°, 33.8°, 38.6°, and 48.5°, corresponding to the orders of Co₃(PO₄)₂ on (101), (111), (102), (112), (202), (021), (012), (221), (031), and (402) planes, respectively. Simultaneously, the diffraction peaks are observed at 2θ = 17.5°, 23.5°, 26.0°, 37.2°, and 39.3°, corresponding to the position of Ni₃(PO₄)₂ on the (002), (102), (111), (211), and (021) (Li et al., 2017). Figure 1B shows the XRD pattern of GO-NiCoPO₃, and a weak characteristic diffraction peak of GO appears at 2θ = 9.8°, which may be caused by the low content of GO (Si and Samulski, 2008). GO has hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups, and can form hydrogen bonds with the surface of NiCoPO₃, making the original strong diffraction peak weak. Figure 1C shows the TG curves of NiCoPO₃ and GO-NiCoPO₃. Before 200°C, due to dehydration of NiCoPO₃ nanosheets, NiCoPO₃, and GO-NiCoPO₃ had a little weight loss. After 200°C, NiCoPO₃ is decomposed into metaphosphoric acid and metal oxide, and the organic groups of GO also begin to decompose, but the weight loss of GO-NiCoPO₃ is less than that of NiCoPO₃ in the whole process (Zhu et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2016). The FTIR spectra of NiCoPO₃ and GO-NiCoPO₃ are shown in Figure 1D, and the FTIR legend of GO is embedded in the inset. The peak of 3,500 cm⁻¹ corresponds to the -OH stretching vibration of NiCoPO₃, and the characteristic peaks of the P-O structure are 1,182, 1,174, and 938 cm⁻¹. For GO-NiCoPO₃ nanosheets, the peak at 1,782 cm⁻¹ corresponds to the chary C=O stretching vibration peak. The peak at 1,434 cm⁻¹ corresponds to the epoxy group C-O, and the peak at 1,055 cm⁻¹ corresponds to the alkoxy C-O telescopic vibration peak. This further illustrates the successful preparation of GO-NiCoPO₃.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. (A) X-ray powder diffraction pattern of NiCoPO₃; (B) X-ray powder diffraction pattern of GO-NiCoPO₃; (C) TG curves of NiCoPO₃ and GO-NiCoPO₃; (D) Fourier transform infrared spectra spectra of NiCoPO₃ and GO-NiCoPO₃; the inset is Fourier transform infrared spectra legend of GO. Go, graphene oxide; NiCoPO₃, cobalt nickel phosphate.

In order to understand the morphology and microstructure of the product in more detail, SEM and TEM tests were performed. The SEM image of NiCoPO₃ is presented in Figure 2A, which shows that NiCoPO₃ has an irregular layered structure of100–200 nm. As can be seen from Figure 2B, the surface of GO is wrinkled, and the nanometer scale is about 500 nm (Stobinski et al., 2014). Figure 2C shows the SEM image of GO-NiCoPO₃. It can be seen that the lamellar structure is darker than NiCoPO₃, probably due to the addition of GO to the surface of NiCoPO₃. Figure 2D shows the TEM image of GO-NiCoPO₃. The morphology of GO-NiCoPO₃ is substantially smooth and flat, and the edge portion also has a typical lamellar shape.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. (A) SEM image of NiCoPO₃; (B) Transmission electron microscopy image of GO; (C) SEM image of GO-NiCoPO₃; (D) Transmission electron microscopy image of GO-NiCoPO₃. Go, graphene oxide; NiCoPO₃, cobalt nickel phosphate.

Thermal Stability of Epoxy Resin/Graphene Oxide–Cobalt Nickel Phosphate Nanocomposites

TG curves were used to further study the effect of GO-NiCoPO₃ nanosheets on EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites. The TG curves of EP nanocomposites are shown in Figure 3, and the key data are listed in Table 2. Under the nitrogen atmosphere, pure EP begins to decompose (T_5%) at 354°C and the 50% mass loss decomposition temperature (T_50%) is 397°C, showing that the main thermal decomposition stage is mainly attributed to oxidation of the main C chain in EP, and the char residual is only 11.8 wt% at 700°C. The addition of GO-NiCoPO₃ markedly improves the thermal stability of EP. When 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt% GO-NiCoPO₃ nanosheets are added to EP nanocomposites, the T_5% and T_50% are increased to 366, 367, 365, 369, 360, and 400°C, 402, 402, 402, and 406°C, respectively. The amount of residual char in EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites is also increased significantly by compared with that of pure EP. Particularly, the residue of EP nanocomposites with 8 wt% GO-NiCoPO₃ reaches up to 27.6 wt% at 700°C. Because of the lamellar structure of GO, it has a barrier effect and prolongs the time for the combustible gas to escape from the matrix to the surface of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites (Nine et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2018), so that the Ni ions and Co ions in NiCoPO₃ have sufficient time to catalyze the carbonization of EP during the degradation process. The EP/4NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are used as a comparison sample to further verify that the incorporation of GO-NiCoPO₃ in EP nanocomposites can improve its thermal stability. The T_5% and T_50% of EP/4NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are 363 and 398°C, and there are about 16.2 wt% char residues at 700°C. Compared to EP/4NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites, the T_5% and T_50% values of EP/4GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are obviously improved, reaching 365 and 402°C, respectively, and the residue reaches 21.6% at 700°C. Compared with pure EP, the TG data of EP/4NiCoPO₃ and EP/4GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are significantly improved. The above results indicate that NiCoPO₃ has excellent performance in catalyzing char formation, but the char layer is loose and weak. The layered GO can increase the viscosity of the polymer and combine the Co, Ni, and P in NiCoPO₃ through covalent and non-covalent bonds (Cao et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2016), so that EP nanocomposites can be catalytic formed denser and richer char layer during thermal decomposition (Kong et al., 2018c).

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Thermogravimetric curves of pure epoxy resin (EP) and EP nanocomposites.

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Thermogravimetric data of pure EP and EP nanocomposites.

UL-94 vertical burning tests and LOI are commonly used for evaluating the combustion properties of polymer composites. The results are shown in Table 3. The pure EP has no rating (NR) in the UL-94 test, and the LOI value is 25.8%. When 1 and 2 wt% GO-NiCoPO₃ are added into the EP matrix, the LOI values of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are increased to 27.1 and 28.3%, respectively. But they still have no UL-94 rating. With GO-NiCoPO₃ increasing to 4 and 6 wt%, the LOI values of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are increased to 30.3 and 29.7%, respectively, and they can reach the V-1 level in UL-94 tests. However, with the amount of GO-NiCoPO₃ reaching 8 wt% in the EP matrix, the LOI value of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites is slightly reduced to 29.1%, and it still has no UL-94 rating. This may be caused by the excessive addition of GO-NiCoPO₃, which cannot be uniformly dispersed in the EP matrix. The comparative sample EP/4NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites have a LOI value of 27.9%, and it has no UL-94 rating, but EP/4GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites reach V-1 rating in UL-94 tests. The improvement in UL-94 rating and LOI values of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites is mainly attributed to the synergistic flame retardant effect of GO and NiCoPO₃. On the one hand, GO containing a large number of organic groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl, epoxy, etc.) provides active sites that combine with transition metal ions in NiCoPO₃, which not only play a barrier effect for protecting the unburned EP nanocomposites below but also catalytically convert toxic gases to nontoxic gases. On the other hand, the phosphate ions in NiCoPO₃ are converted into metaphosphoric acid and polymetaphosphoric acid during the combustion process. Polymetaphosphoric acid has strong dehydration properties, which can dehydrate and char the polymer to form a char film to isolate the air, thereby changing the combustion process and improving the thermal stability of EP (Kong et al., 2017c; Wu et al., 2018; Guo et al., 2019).

TABLE 3

TABLE 3. LOI and UL-94 results of pure EP and EP nanocomposites.

MCC tests were performed to further verify the combustion performance of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites. The MCC tests were used to evaluate the potential fire hazard of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites by measuring the HRR, the PHRR, and the THR (Shi et al., 2019). Detailed data are listed in Table 4, and the HRR and THR curves of pure EP and EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are shown in Figure 4. The PHRR value of pure EP is 560.9 W/g. Compared with pure EP, when 1, 4, and 8 wt% GO-NiCoPO₃ are added into the EP matrix, the PHRR values are decreased to 490.4, 458.6, and 427.1 W/g, respectively, reducing about 12.6, 18.2, and 23.9%, respectively. The THR values of EP/1GO-NiCoPO₃, EP/4GO-NiCoPO₃, and EP/8GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are 26.2, 24, and 22.9 KJ/g, reducing about 33.5, 39.1, and 41.9%, respectively. This fully indicates that GO-NiCoPO₃ can promote the formation of a dense and strong char layer on the surface of the polymer and prevent the transfer of external heat and oxygen to the EP matrix, inhibiting polymer combustion and reducing heat release. However, the PHRR value (557.8 W/g) and THR value (30.7 KJ/g) of EP/4NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites are higher than those of EP/4 GO-NiCoPO₃ and slightly lower than those of pure EP. This may be due to the addition of NiCoPO₃; although it has a certain catalytic char formation, the char layer formed is thin and sparse, which has a poor barrier effect so that the heat release amount is not significantly reduced. When NiCoPO₃ modified by GO with a rich C structure is added to the EP matrix, the viscosity of the EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ polymer increases and reduces the burning rates, which provides sufficient time to catalyze the carbonization of the matrix in the polymer (Wang et al., 2017; Feng et al., 2018). The char layer, whose quantity and quality have been significantly changed, can cover the polymer surface, prevent heat from escaping, inhibit the combustion, and enhance the flame retardant performance of the composites (Zhang et al., 2016; Kong et al., 2017b).

TABLE 4

TABLE 4. Micro-combustion calorimetry data of pure EP and EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. (A) Heat release rate curves of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites; (B) Total heat release curves of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites. Go, graphene oxide; NiCoPO₃, cobalt nickel phosphate.

Conclusions

In summary, NiCoPO₃ nanosheets and GO-NiCoPO₃ were synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. The TG results showed that the addition of GO-NiCoPO₃ promoted char formation and enhanced the thermal stability of the polymer at high temperatures. The LOI and UL-94 data showed that when 4 wt% GO-NiCoPO₃ was added, the LOI value was as high as 30.3%, and it reached UL-94 V-1 rating. The MCC results showed that the addition of GO-NiCoPO₃ significantly reduced the PHRR and THR values of EP nanocomposites. Compared with pure EP, the THR value of EP/8GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites was decreased by 41.9%. These results indicated that GO-NiCoPO₃ increased the flame retardancy of EP/GO-NiCoPO₃ nanocomposites to some extent. This was mainly due to the fact that GO-NiCoPO₃ formed dense carbonaceous protection layers to reduce heat transfer, inhibit combustion, and improve thermal stability of composites.

Data Availability Statement

All datasets presented in this study are included in the article.

Author Contributions

QK and JZ conceived and designed the study and experiment plan and wrote the manuscript. CZ drafted the manuscript. MZ and TZ analyzed the experimental results.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Funding

This research is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51603091), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20181469), Science and Technology Planning Social Development Project of Zhenjiang City (SSH20190140049), and the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University (No. KLET2006).

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