Deterministic Transfer of Large-Scale β-Phase Arsenic on Fiber End Cap for Near-Infrared Ultrafast Pulse Generation
Qiang Yu1,2 
Jian Wu
Kai Zhang- 1College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- 2I-Lab & Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications & Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- 3College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China
- 4College of Science, Hohai University, Changzhou, China
Gray arsenic (β-phase) has aroused great attention in photonics and electronics applications, as a novel family member of two-dimensional (2D) elemental crystals of group-VA. Here, β-phase arsenic (β-As) bulk crystals were synthesized via the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method. Meanwhile, large-scale β-As nanoflake was transformed using the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-assisted dry transfer method and was placed on the end cap of optical fiber with high coverage over the core area. Moreover, the β-As was used as a saturable absorber in ytterbium-doped fiber ring cavity resonance, and we demonstrated near-infrared ultrafast pulse fiber laser with the central wavelength, repetition rate, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 1,037.3 nm, 0.6 MHz, and 67.7 dB, respectively. This research demonstrates a 2D material small area deterministic transfer method and promotes the potential application of group-VA crystals in near-infrared ultrafast laser generation.
Introduction
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted various interests since the first discovery of monolayer graphene in 2004 and have shown great potential in near-infrared ultrashort pulse fiber laser generation. In the past decade, facing wide range application requirements of near-infrared ultrashort pulse (Jackson, 2012; Geng et al., 2014), such as LIDAR (Tang et al., 2016), optical communications (Moulton et al., 2009; Soref, 2015), material science (Salam et al., 2021; Shaodong et al., 2021), mid-infrared laser sources (Pawliszewska et al., 2017; Tuo et al., 2018), spectroscopy (Donodin et al., 2020; Xu N. et al., 2020), and biomedicine (Chen et al., 2019; Martov et al., 2020), a series of 2D material SA have been realized for pulse fiber laser generation. The applications in increasingly extensive fields demand the discovery of novel 2D material SA with particular properties. During the past years, various novel 2D material SA have been used for pulse fiber laser generation, including graphene (Martinez and Sun, 2013; Meng et al., 2015), topological insulators (TI) (Bao et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2021), black phosphorus (BP) (Ma et al., 2015; Hisyam et al., 2017), and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) (Gillen and Maultzsch, 2017; Tuo et al., 2018) (Wang J. et al., 2019; Shi et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2021), for the benefit of adjustable nonlinear absorption coefficient, short recovery time, and low optical lose.
With the rapid development of novel 2D material preparation, at the same time, arsenic compounds (gallium arsenide, cadmium arsenide, and black arsenic phosphorus) are rising in industry and scientific research (Yoon et al., 2010; Zhang C. et al., 2019; Khalatpour et al., 2021). The raw material arsenic is widely used in many fields due to its excellent physical and chemical properties and has been thoroughly studied and recognized as building blocks for future photons and optoelectronic technologies. Along with the inspiration of the research on few-layer phosphorous allotrope, the few-layer arsenic allotrope is also concerned. They are both elemental layered materials derived from group VA (phosphorus, arsenic, antimony (Ji et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2017), and bismuth) (Zhang S. et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2018; Niu et al., 2019; Wu and Hao, 2020). BP shows high mobility of up to about 1,000 cm2 V−1 s−1 and is used in nano-electronic and photonic devices, while it is very unstable and degrades rapidly in ambient conditions (Wang et al., 2019b; Xu et al., 2020b). Purple phosphorus with a pyrolysis temperature above 512°C is the most stable phosphorus allotrope (Zhang L. et al., 2020), and for blue phosphorus, an indirect band gap semiconductor (Zhang J. L. et al., 2016; Zhang J. L. et al., 2020), the photoelectric response can reach the ultraviolet region. The different properties of materials corresponding to different structures have aroused people’s interest in arsenic research. The research on few-layer α-As (black arsenic) started in 2018 (Zhong et al., 2018). The β-As (gray arsenic) thin film has also been developed in recent years. It has the same structure as blue phosphorus, which displays rhombohedral stacking of layers (Zhao et al., 2017). The wide bandgap (0–1.71ev) with adjustable layers are predicted in some theoretical articles (Kamal and Ezawa, 2015; Zhou et al., 2017). The higher carrier mobility in bulk gray arsenic has also been observed in few-layer arsenic (Hu et al., 2019). There are signs that β-As may become an excellent contender for a new generation of 2D nano-electronic, photonics devices. In addition, to obtain ultrashort pulse laser with a high signal-to-noise ratio and long-term stability, the quality of saturable absorber (SA) is a key component (Guo et al., 2015; Hu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019c; Zhang M. et al., 2019). Researchers are looking for reliable ways to place the nanomaterials at the fiber core, such as a special platform with a small area. The scotch tape–assisted approach, light-induced deposition method, end-to-end self-assembly, and embedding the layered materials in transparent polymer were reported (Lee et al., 2016; Rusdi et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2017; Cuando-Espitia et al., 2019). However, nanoflake accurate transfer is still a huge challenge.
In this study, β-phase arsenic (β-As) bulk crystals were synthesized via the CVT method, and the morphology and structure were studied. With our PDMS-assisted accurate positioning dry transfer method, the gray arsenic nanoflake saturable absorber was prepared on the end cap of optical fiber with 100% yield. The g-As nanoflake-based ytterbium-doped fiber laser can realize a stable mode-locked pulse with the central wavelength, repetition rate, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 1,037.3 nm, 0.6 MHz, and 67.7 dB, respectively.
Sample Preparation and Characterizations
Growth Method
β-As crystalline bulks were synthesized by using the CVT method (Xu et al., 2020c) in a furnace with two temperature zones, as schematically shown in Figure 1A, where the red area indicates the high temperature zone and the green area indicates the low temperature zone. Growth processes of β-As crystal are as follows: gray arsenic powders were used as precursor. First of all, 15 mg gray arsenic powder was put into a quartz tube (length of 120 mm, diameter of 20 mm) and subsequently sealed up under vacuum (<1 × 10−2 Pa). Afterward, the as-sealed quartz tube was placed in the furnace (OTF-1200X), and the temperature program of high temperature zone was set as a program curve: heating up to 500°C within 5 h, keeping at 500°C for 1 h, and then cooling down to room temperature in 5 h. Finally, the product was obtained at the low temperature zone.
FIGURE 1. β-phase arsenic crystals synthesis and characteristics. (A) Schematic illustration of the growth process of β-As crystals via the CVT method. (B) The optical image of β-As single crystal besides a ruler. (C) SEM and (D) the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping of β-As crystal. (D) The optical image of the typical exfoliated nanoflake after transferred on the SiO2/Si substrate. (E) X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of β-As crystal. (F) A β-As nanoflake transferred on SiO2/Si substrate. (G) AFM image and the corresponding height of β-As nanoflake. (H) Raman spectrum of the exfoliated β-As flake obtained with a 532 nm laser at about 300 K.
Characterization Apparatus
The morphology of the samples was investigated by optical microscopy (Nikon Eclipse LV100ND microscope) and atomic force microscopy (AFM, Bruker Dimension Icon 3,100). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) characterizations were carried out on a SEM (Quanta FEG 250) instrument, with an operating voltage of 30 kV and a spot line of 5.0. Raman measurements were performed in a confocal Raman spectrometer (Renishaw inVia), with an excitation laser of 532 nm wavelength and a ×100 objective lens. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed with a powder X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS D8 Advance) system with Cu Kα irradiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were performed on a TEM (Tecnai G2 F20 S-TWIN) instrument.
Characterization and Analysis
As shown in the optical image (Figure 1B), the β-As single crystal is about 8 mm size, and obvious geometric corners are found on it. Its luminal appearance indicates that thickness can be reduced by mechanical stripping. SEM with EDX measurements was conducted to observe the morphology and analyze the chemical element of the β-As crystals. Figure 1C shows a flake with regular edges and corners. The EDX mapping verified the uniform distribution of unique arsenic element, as shown in Figure 1D. The powder XRD was applied to judge the crystal structure and the phase purity of the as-synthesized β-As crystals. In Figure 1E, the peaks match with the rhombohedral structure in space group R3̅m (PDF # 05–0,632) (Hu et al., 2019). The diffraction peak at about 25.28° and 52.04° can be well-indexed to the (003) and (006) plane, respectively. What is more, the XRD pattern demonstrates that the β-As crystals present a highly preferred orientation along the (00L) direction. Figure 1F shows a typical exfoliated β-As nanoflake after it was transferred onto the SiO2/Si substrate. It can be seen that the surface is uniform without impurities. The corresponding atomic force microscopy (AFM) image is shown in Figure 1G. It has a regular angle of 120°, and its height is about 335 nm. It is relatively difficult to exfoliate the β-As bulk to very thin flakes, which may result from a strong interlayer interaction. Raman spectrum was carried out as fingerprint authentication of materials. As shown in Figure 1H, two characteristic peaks with frequencies of 195.3 and 254.5 cm−1 are corresponding to Eg (in-plane vibration) and A1g (out-of-plane vibration) modes of β-As, respectively.
In order to further discuss the crystal structure, we investigated β-As with a rhombohedral A7 structure (Zhu et al., 2015). The crystal is a double-layered structure composed of many interlocking six-membered rings. The crystal structure model of the β-As was observed in different views in Figures 2A,B. It is a kind of buckled 2D hexagonal structure, with a lattice constant of a = 3.76 Å, c = 10.44 Å, and As–As bond length of 2.5 Å. Afterward, the β-As nanoflakes were transferred to the Cu grid for transmission electron microscopy characterizations. Figure 2B illustrates a hexagonal β-As nanoflake with an angle of 120°. As shown in Figure 2C, the electron diffraction pattern presents a refined hexagonal structure, which is consistent with the XRD data (PDF # 05–0,632). Figure 2D shows the high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) characterization of the same β-As nanoflake with distinct lattice fringes without obvious impurities. The lattice fringes marked in the figure shows a fixed spacing, which is measured as 1.88 Å. These crystal planes can be indexed to (110) and (2–10), with the zone axis of [001] orientation.
FIGURE 2. Crystal structure of the β-phase arsenic flakes. (A) Buckled honeycomb structure of β-As. (B) Top view of the buckled arsenene. (C) The morphology of β-As nanoflake at low magnification. (D) The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. (E) The high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of a representative β-As nanoflake.
Deterministic Transfer on Fiber End Face
β-As nanoflake was accurately transferred onto a fiber facet as an SA by the homemade 3D transfer platform (Figure 3). The protocol schematic of deterministic transfer was shown in Figure 3A. The specific dry transfer process is described as follows: First of all, the β-As bulk was thinned by mechanical exfoliation with a blue tape. Homemade polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp was used to adhere thinned β-As nanoflakes. As the PDMS is transparent, the thickness and size of β-As nanoflake can be roughly determined through it. When a suitable flake has been identified, the underlying fiber end face is fixed on the sample stage. The PDMS with target nanoflake is then fixed to the three-axis cantilever with the flakes facing the fiber core. When the PDMS and the fiber core are close to the focal plane of the microscope, it is possible to align the right flake toward the fiber core. Finally, the stamp is pressed against the fiber end face and peeled off very slowly. As shown in Figure 3B, the fiber core (diameter: 9 μm) was marked by a red circle in the dark field optical microscope image. After transfer, the fiber core was completely covered with a β-As nanoflake (Figure 3C). In this way, the resulting nanoflakes have no bulges or wrinkles.
FIGURE 3. Deterministic transfer of β-As nanoflake on fiber end cap. (A) The protocol of deterministic transfer: step 1, β-As bulk crystal mechanical exfoliation with blue tape; step 2, β-As nanoflake adhere; step 3, β-As nanoflake lifted with PDMS; step 4, the selected β-As nanoflake alignment; step 5, PDMS peeled off; step 6, deterministic transferred sample of β-As nanoflake. (B) Microscope digital image of the fiber end cap (diameter of red circle is 9 μm) before transfer. (C) Microscope digital image of fiber end cap after deterministic transfer of β-As nanoflake.
Pulse Generation and Discussion
The sandwiched structure β-As-SA was installed into the laser ring cavity. As illustrated in Figure 4A, the total length of the ring cavity is about 351 m. A laser diode (LD) operating at 976 nm wavelength was used to pump a 1.5-m-long ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) (6/125) through a 980/1,060 nm wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). In order to realize unidirectional waveguide of the laser, a polarization-independent isolator (PI-ISO) was connected with the YDF. The SA device of sandwiched structure was placed between the optical coupler (OC) and 300-m single-mode fiber (SMF) (HI1060). We adopted two polarization controllers (PC) to adjust the phase of the laser oscillation mode. Besides, we used an OC of 20:80 ratio which has a 1 × 2 pigtail structure. The 20% laser output was separated from the laser cavity to measure the laser characteristics by the oscilloscope or optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). The remaining 80% laser was coupled into the laser cavity to form laser oscillation.
FIGURE 4. Pulse generation from the Yb-doped fiber ring cavity based on the β-As SA. (A) Schematic of the all-fiber 1-μm pulse laser based on β-As SA. (B) Pulse sequences at different pump powers. (C) Normalized emission spectra at different pump powers. (D) Central wavelength versus incident pump power. (E) Pulse interval at 400 mw. (F) Radio frequency (RF) spectrum.
By increasing the pump power to 330 mW and adjusting the PC appropriately, the mode-locked pulse phenomenon took place. The state was not very stable at the beginning of the startup, and the pulse splits slightly. However, it kept an obvious pulse interval under 330–450 mW, as shown in Figure 4B. The corresponding output spectrum is illustrated in Figure 4C, with a slight change in the central wavelength of around 1,037 nm (Figure 4D). The output pulse trace is shown in Figure 4E, with a pulse interval of 1.7 μs under 400 mW. The corresponding radio frequency (RF) spectrum is as shown in Figure 4F. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is about 58.5 dB, and the repetition rate is 0.6 MHz. In the 3-day sampling period, the pulse sequence and spectral output are basically stable.
Conclusion
In conclusion, high-quality β-As were successfully synthesized, and an ytterbium-doped fiber mode-locked laser based on β-As-SA has been realized for the first time. A relative stable 1-μm pulsed laser was generated at a pump power ranging from 330 to 450 mW with an almost unchanged repetition rate of 0.6 MHz and a central wavelength around 1,037 nm. This work demonstrates a 2D material small area deterministic transfer method and promotes the research of near-infrared pulsed lasers based on 2D materials and also shows the great potential of group VA crystals for nonlinear photonic applications.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Author Contributions
JW and KZ conceived the experiments and supervised the project. QY and CC synthesized and characterized the samples. QY and KG performed the optical experiments and did the data analysis. HD and YZ contributed to the sample exfoliation and transfer. TY and WS contributed to the device design and schematic drawing. All the authors contributed to the conception and manuscript writing.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61922082, 61875223, and 61927813), CAS Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications (21YZ03).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The handling editor declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors KZ.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
This is a short text to acknowledge the contributions of specific colleagues, institutions, or agencies that aided the efforts of the authors.
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Keywords: β-phase arsenic, ultrafast pulse generation, near-infrared, CVT, nonlinear optics
Citation: Yu Q, Chen C, Guo K, Deng H, Yi T, Zhang Y, Su W, Wu J and Zhang K (2021) Deterministic Transfer of Large-Scale β-Phase Arsenic on Fiber End Cap for Near-Infrared Ultrafast Pulse Generation. Front. Mater. 8:721587. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2021.721587
Received: 07 June 2021; Accepted: 02 August 2021;
Published: 17 September 2021.
Edited by:
Qiaoliang Bao, Soochow University, ChinaReviewed by:
Xiaohui Li, Shaanxi Normal University, ChinaM. Sasani Ghamsari, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, Iran
Haoran Mu, Songshan Lake Material Laboratory, China
Copyright © 2021 Yu, Chen, Guo, Deng, Yi, Zhang, Su, Wu and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jian Wu, wujian15203@163.com; Kai Zhang, kzhang2015@sinano.ac.cn