Editorial: Alternative building blocks and new recycling routes for polymers: Challenges for circular economy and triggers for innovations
Valerie Massardier
Naima Belhaneche-Bensemra
Nathalie Lazaric3- 1Université De Lyon INSA Lyon, CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie Des Matériaux Polymères, Villeurbanne, France
- 2Laboratoire Des Sciences et Techniques De l’Environnement, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, Alger, Algeria
- 3GREDEG, CNRS UMR 7321, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
Editorial on the Research Topic
Alternative building blocks and new recycling routes for polymers: Challenges for circular economy and triggers for innovations
Circularity often seems to be synonym of recycling and valorization of waste (Massardier-Nageotte, 2014; Massardier and Quitadamo, 2018), but identifying alternative building blocks routes for the eco-design of polymer materials (Delamarche et al., 2020a) made from biomass can be a relevant challenge. The present Research Topic gives a few answers relative to valorization of PLA (polylactic acid) based materials through (bio)degradation as well as to potential alternative routes to produce building blocks for materials, compatible with mechanical and chemical recycling, considering not only technological but also socio-economical points of view.
Recent families of polymers, such as (bio)degradable PLA, able to be processed again in a perspective of mechanical recycling, could satisfy criteria of circularity from a technological point of view (Cosate de Andrade et al., 2016; Payne et al., 2019). Unfortunately, PLA still corresponds only to a few percent of the polymer world production, which compromises the development of recycling chains for it, when considering socio-economical aspects. The new trajectory for PLA is a niche dedicated to specific needs and applications (European Bioplastics, 2021). Main challenges reside both in the improvement of technological innovations and their organizational adaptation in the current socio technological system. This novelty is also perceived as a disturbing element for recyclers and as a new deal for consumers who do not know in which type of bin to put these “items” (Ansink et al., 2022).
In this context, why not elaborating conventional polymers highly recycled in existing chains, such as PET (Polyethylene terephthalate), from building blocks obtained by alternative routes? In the present Research Topic, the short Sandei et al., that includes socio-economical points of view, potentials and limits, deals with this question. Nowadays, PET is synthesized from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, which can represent a double challenge. Thankfully, bio-based ethylene glycol is already produced with bio-ethanol but represents only 20% of the carbon of PET. The 80% remaining part come from terephthalic acid which still remains petroleum-based. Even if discoveries are still at laboratory or pilot scale, some alternative routes for building block production are emerging at industrial scale with still small quantities produced. One of the most notable alternatives is the synthesis of p-xylene, necessary to synthesize terephthalic acid, from isobutanol. The technology to produce isobutanol from glucose is well known since it is used as biofuel but not established yet to produce building blocks for polymers. Ethylene via second generation bio-ethanol, based on green waste seems to be relevant for producing the ethylene glycol monomer implied in the synthesis of PET. For terephthalic acid monomer, p-xylene seems the priority synthon of interest, with a production from isobutanol to be favored. Considering a more local scale, synthesis of terephthalic acid from p-cymene and terpenes is also an interesting alternative for using citrus wastes from food industry, which can be considered as a good example of industrial ecology.
If mechanical or chemical recycling often seem the end-of-life to be privileged, for some applications, such as agriculture welsh films, ability for biodegradation seems to be a relevant property to achieve. Two research articles of the present Research Topic deal with the formulation and processing of PLA based materials associating use properties and ability for biodegradation in defined scenarii.
The first article deals with the Delamarche et al. and follows a previous paper dealing with the influence of a deep eutectic solvent on the (bio)degradability of those blends (Delamarche et al., 2020b). Both properties and degradation of a single polymer seem to be rather difficult to adjust, whereas polymer blends offer the possibility to tune both properties and stability. The study shows that elaborating multiphase polymer materials enables to combine properties of both rigid PLA and PBS (Polybutylene succinate) for which degradation processes are preferentially located in a “predegraded” dispersed phase, can be a way to tailor macroscopic (bio)degradation. In the study, morphologies, mechanical properties as well as (bio)degradability were adjusted by adding small amounts of ionic liquids. Degradation experiments carried out at 58°C show that the formulations degrading faster correspond to the blends having undergone the most important degradation of the PLA dispersed phase during processing. Finally, the work shows that ionic liquids can be used to tune mechanical properties of polymer blends as well as their (bio)degradability.
The second article deals with the Mahmoud et al. and follows a paper dealing with the extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from walnut and apricot shells as wastes for use as reinforcement in composites (Mahmoud et al., 2021). To the best of our knowledge, there is no single report in literature on the use of MCC from walnut (WC) or apricot shells (AC) for PLA composites. Various microcrystalline celluloses, extracted from apricots and walnut shells, were blended with PLA, to make composites such as ones containing 7% AC and referred to as PLA/7% AC and PLA/7% WC. PLA composites containing 7% WC (PLA/7% WC). displays a Young’s modulus 1145.6 MPa in comparison with from 802.6 MPa for neat PLA Weights losses of 14% for PLA, 38% for PLA/7% WC, 13% for PLA/7% AC were observed after 12 months soil buria. PLA composites containing 7% WC displayed the best compromise between mechanical properties, crystalline structure and (bio)degradability rate.
Finally, the Research Topic treats of various and complementary aspects of circularity. It explains the main challenges for the development of new trajectories and the phase of exploration between various technological options. It shows why the combination of quite new (PLA) and older options (such as PET), potentially bio-based, can be also considered in a transition phase (Quitadamo et al., 2017). Thus, circular economy encounters many opportunities and challenges at this early stage. The critical Research Topic for PLA resides not only at a technological level but also at the organizational level for going beyond a niche market.
Author contributions
VM wrote a first draft, that was completed by addition of sentences and references of both co-authors.
Acknowledgments
This editorial as well as the Research Topic contributes to the BIOLOOP project http://www.imp-umr5223.fr/, for which NL and VM thank the French National Centre for Scientific Research CNRS for support. Pr NB-B thanks DGRSDT (Direction Générale de la Recherche Scientifique et du Développement Technologique, Algeria) for supporting her research having enabled her contribution to the present Research Topic.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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References
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Cosate de Andrade, M. F., Souza, P. M. S., Cavalett, O., and Morales, A. R. (2016). Life cycle assessment of poly(lactic acid) (PLA): Comparison between chemical recycling, mechanical recycling and composting. J. Polym. Environ. 24, 372–384. doi:10.1007/s10924-016-0787-2
Delamarche, E., Massardier, V., Bayard, R., and Santos, E. D. (2020a). “A review to guide eco-design of reactive polymer-based materials,” in Reactive and functional polymers volume four: Surface, interface, biodegradability, compostability and recycling. Editor T. J. Gutiérrez (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 207–241. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52052-6_8
Delamarche, E., Mattlet, A., Livi, S., Gérard, J.-F., Bayard, R., and Massardier, V. (2020b). Tailoring biodegradability of poly(butylene succinate)/poly(lactic acid) blends with a deep eutectic solvent. Front. Mater. 7, 13. doi:10.3389/fmats.2020.00007
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Massardier, V., and Quitadamo, A. (2018). “Contribution of reactive extrusion to technological and scientific challenges of eco-friendly circular economy,” in Biomass extrusion and reaction technologies: Principles to practices and future potential (New York, United States: American Chemical Society), 35–49. ACS Symposium Series. doi:10.1021/bk-2018-1304.ch003
Massardier-Nageotte, V. (2014). Recyclable and bio-based materials open up new prospects for polymers: Scientific and social aspects. Environ. Impact Polym. 2014, 257–271. doi:10.1002/9781118827116.ch12
Mahmoud, Y., Belhanche-Bensemra, N., and Safidine, Z. (2021). Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from walnut and apricots shells by alkaline treatment. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 86 (5), 521. doi:10.2298/JSC200806011M
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Keywords: alternative building blocks, poly(ethyleneterephtalate), poly (lactic acid), (bio)degradation, technological trajectories
Citation: Massardier V, Belhaneche-Bensemra N and Lazaric N (2023) Editorial: Alternative building blocks and new recycling routes for polymers: Challenges for circular economy and triggers for innovations. Front. Mater. 10:1152494. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2023.1152494
Received: 27 January 2023; Accepted: 06 February 2023;
Published: 14 February 2023.
Edited and reviewed by:
Robert Li, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaCopyright © 2023 Massardier, Belhaneche-Bensemra and Lazaric. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Valerie Massardier, valerie.massardier@insa-lyon.fr