Abstract
Recent gains in the pervasiveness of Visible Light Communication due to its ability to simultaneously provide lighting and communication solutions make it the best candidate for enabling smart city infrastructure to have seamless connectivity. The fundamental challenge of this technology is to ensure high data rate communication while meeting the lighting requirements of smart cities. This work is focused on providing high data rate capacity using visible light communication. To realize this, diffused channel modeling and channel modeling are considered. A total of six channels, each carrying 10 Gbps data are multiplexed using polarization division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing transmitted over a diffused channel of 1.3 m, while the ranges of 8 m under clear conditions and 5 m under heavy attenuation are reported with modeling. The reported results show the successful transmission of data in terms of bit error rate and eye diagram.
1 Introduction
A study published in 2018 by the United Nations Department of Economic and social affairs [1] showed that more than 55% of the total world population existed in urban areas, a figure which is expected to grow by 68% in 2050. This rising urbanization makes cities complex schemes to preserve and manage. Hence, the need for systematic improvement is relevant and may provide sustainable services to the residents while ensuring their quality of life [2]. A city needs to be smart to assure these goals. The standard definition of a smart city is given as “modernization that enriches the quality of life with regard to people, governance, environment, mobility, economy, urban sustainability, and living, not essentially but primarily, based on information and communication technology” [3]. For achieving such enrichments, new means of communication are required that are greener, more cost effective, ultra-fast, and that have high data carrying capabilities.
Since the last decade, the use of optics in communication has been researched as part of greener communication. Optics in a wireless fashion (also known as optical wireless communication) garnered the attention of researchers in early 2010 and have been widely deployed for communication. Key works of optics in wireless communication are divided primarily into three sections including Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Communication [4–12] and Free space Optics (FSO) [5, 13–24]. Free Space optics have been widely deployed in providing high speed and secure communication where a wired system is a costly [25–28]. To make use of existing lighting systems for communication in smart cities, the use of visible light communication is proposed. With advantages in solid state devices, lightening sources changed from incandescent bulbs to Compact Florescent Light, and now, much advanced PN junction-based laser diode illuminators [29]. Lasers are not only greener but have energy efficiency which makes them the perfect candidate to achieve the sustainable goals of smart cities. Lasers can be switched to a very high frequency without even flickering to human eyes, and can be modulated with information signals, thereby achieving visible light communication. VLC also offers an unlicensed wide spectrum of 300 THz that offers high speed data transfers [30, 31]. The ability to integrate VLC with RF enhances their wireless transmission and smart uses in existing infrastructure, making them cost effective. VLC is primarily used in an indoor environment, provided it is a line-of-sight communication. The channel modeling is not only allowed in the use of VLC in diffused link communication but it is also being implied in navigation applications for ranging and tracking instead of GPS.
A typical VLC system consists of a transmitter and receiver while the signal is propagated in free space. As the free space channel has high attenuation, channel modeling is very crucial. Fading modeling is implemented to study the impact of attenuation such as dispersion or scattering as well as under pointing errors [32, 33]. The use of multiplexing techniques has been advised for capacity enhancement in transmission systems. Polarization division multiplexing is one technique that is used widely [34–40]. In 2019 [41], an overview of VLS system perspectives and requirements was presented. Another study, in 2020 [42], proposed the application of VLC in 6G high-speed data transmission. Another study [43] presented a survey on physical layer security for VLC systems. In another work [44], organic LED was demonstrated to carry real-time data at a speed of two Mbps experimentally. In another study [45], channel modeling was proposed to utilize VLC in vehicular tracking in an all-weather environment. In 2021 [46], researchers proposed a localization algorithm for the VLC system. In the same year [47], researchers proposed a modified grasshopper algorithm for dynamic route discovery in VLC systems. Another study [48] comprising a statistical channel model is proposed for VLC in dynamic vehicular systems. In 2022 [49], authors proposed techniques to suppress the ambient light in vehicular VLC systems. Another study [50] proposes a detection technique for jamming attacks in smart LED-based VLC systems.
In this work, a duo-binary modulation scheme was used to realize a low-cost visible light communication system. To enhance the capacity, wavelength division multiplexing along with polarization multiplexing was used over a diffused link of 1.3 m. The system was further tested with half irradiance angle and half incidence angle. The results are presented in the form of bit error rate (BER) and eye diagram. The system is also validated using a free space link. The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 discusses System modeling for the proposed PDM-WDM-VLS system, and Section 3 consists of Results and discussion, followed by a Conclusion in Section 4.
2 System Modeling
The basic block diagram of the proposed 6 × 10 Gbps VLC system for smart cities is shown in Figure 1 modeled via OptiSystem™ software. Each channel consists of 10 Gbps of data encoded in duo-binary format.
FIGURE 1
Proposed RGB based 6 × 10 Gbps Duobinary encoded visible light communication systems (A) diffused modeling (B) Gamma-Gamma modeling.
The output signal is the intensity modulated using a light source with the highest wavelengths of 630 nm (red laser), 532 nm (green laser), and 465 nm (blue laser), respectively. To enhance the capacity, the channels are multiplexed using polarization division multiplexing. The output from channels 1, 2, and 3 is given X polarization that is given 0° phase shift while the output of channels 4, 5, and 6 is given Y Polarization with a 90° phase shift. Figure 2 indicates the polarization states, and X and Y polarizations. A pseudo random bit sequence of 10 Gbps is generated in each channel which is further encoded in duo-binary modulation format. A directly modulated laser is employed with a d.c. bias of 1 a.u. which modulates the signal from a duo-binary generator with an optical signal. The output of the first three channels is given 0° azimuthal phase shift and termed as X polarization while the other channels are given azimuthal phase shift of 90° and termed as Y (polarization as shown in Figure 2). The output from the X and Y polarization states is combined and transmitted over a free space channel. Two types of channel modeling are assumed in this work. First, the propagation is tested in a diffused link of 1.3 m. The transmitter is assumed to be a Lambertian disk that exposes the detector area positioned at an axial distance of h from the source.
FIGURE 2
Polarization states, (A) X Polarization and (B) Y Polarization.
Based on the transmitter half angle, the Lembertian order can be mathematically expressed as [51]:and concentration gain (optical) can be computed mathematically as:Where the internal refractive index of the lens is given as I and field of view is given as CR.
The Gaussian optical filter is used as the receiver to collect the R, G, and B laser lights, and this filtered signal is further fed into an avalanche photo diode (APD) for detection. Photo-detector output is applied to a trans-impedance amplifier, and the amplified output is subjected to the low pass filter in order to recover the original data. The bit error rate (BER) performance is measured using a BER tester. The received signal y(t) is given as [52]:where the transmitted signal is expressed as x(t), h(t) signifies channel response, convolution is denoted as ⊗ and n(t) depicts additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). To replicate the various attenuations, diffused channel modeling is used. The results are also compared using the same system applied in a free space environment using Gamma-Gamma channel modeling given by [53]:where α and ß represent large and small scattering eddies, Kn (.) is the second order Bessel function of the order n and (.) represents the function. The parameters α and ß are given by [54]:and
The parameters used in the numerical simulation are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1
| Component | Parameter | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Simulation Window | Bit Rate | 10 Gbps |
| Time Window | 3.2768e-006s | |
| Sample Rate | 160e+009 Hz | |
| Sequence Length | 32,768 bits | |
| Laser | Wavelength | 650 nm (Red), 530 nm (Green), and 450 nm (Blue) |
| Extension Ratio | 10 dB | |
| Power | 0 dB | |
| Line width | 10 MHz | |
| Diffused Link | Transmitter half angle | 60 deg |
| Irradiance half angle | 0 deg | |
| Incidence half angle | 0 deg | |
| Detection surface area | 1 mm2 | |
| Optical Concentration factor | 1 | |
| Index Concentration Factor | 1.5 | |
| Propagation delay | 0 ps/m | |
| Photo diode | Responsitivity | 1.2 A/W |
| Gain | 3 | |
| Thermal noise power | 100e-024 W/Hz | |
| Dark current | 10 nA | |
| Ionization Ratio | 0.9 |
System parameters.
3 Results and Discussion
In this section, the results obtained from numerical simulation of the proposed PDM-WDM enabled duo-binary VLC system are presented and discussed. First, the system is tested for normal conditions in diffused channel modeling. The system is tested for a range of 1.30 m and the results are presented in Figure 1 in the forms of bit error rate and eye diagram.
Figure 3 depicts successful reception of VLC signal at receiver with acceptable BER which should be less than 10−3 for both the polarization. Channels 1, 2, and 3 have BER of 2.62 × 10−5, 2.71 × 10−5, and 3.06 × 10−5 respectively with X polarization at 1.3 m. Similarly, channels 4, 5, and 6 have BER of 2.78 × 10−5, 2.80 × 10−5, and 2.59 × 10−5 respectively with Y polarization at 1.3 m. Furthermore, clear eye opening depicts the successful transmission of data. The reported BER is less than 10−3, which satisfies the minimum accepted BER for successful signal reception.
FIGURE 3
BER vs. Transmission Range (A) with X polarization and (B) with Y Polarization.
The system is further tested for half irradiance and half incidence angle effects on its performance. The range is kept constant at 1.30 m for all the cases. Figure 4 depicts the successful reception of the signal in which the BER of 10−8 for a half irradiance angle of up to 40° is reported. Channels 1, 2, and 3 have BER of 5.53 × 10−8, 5.24 × 10−8, and 5.97 × 10−8 respectively with X polarization at 40°. Similarly, channels 4, 5, and 6 have a BER of 5.72 × 10−8, 5.21 × 10−8, and 6.42 × 10−8 respectively with Y polarization at 40°. Again the numerically calculated BER is less than 10−3, which satisfies the minimum acceptable BER condition for successful transmission along with clear eye opening in eye diagrams.
FIGURE 4
BER vs. Half Irradiance Angle (A) with X polarization and (B) with Y Polarization.
Figure 5 depicts the successful reception of the signal in which a BER of 10−5 with respect to half incidence angle up to 60° is reported. Channels 1, 2, and 3 have BER of 1.60 × 10−5, 1.59 × 10−5, and 1.74 × 10−5 respectively with X polarization at 60°. Similarly, channels 4, 5, and six have a BER of 1.81 × 10−5, 1.71 × 10−5, and 1.63 × 10−5 respectively with Y polarization at 60°. The reported BER is less than 10−3, which satisfies the minimum accepted BER for successful signal reception supported by clear eye openings.
FIGURE 5
BER vs. Half Incidence Angle (A) with X polarization and (B) with Y Polarization.
The proposed system is also tested in gamma-gamma modeling for a free space environment. Figure 6 presents the BER vs. range plot under clear conditions up to the range of 8 m.
FIGURE 6
BER vs. Range up to 8 m under clear conditions (A) with X polarization and (B) with Y Polarization.
Figure 6 depicts the successful reception of the signal in which a BER of 10−5 with a respected range of 8 m is reported. Channels 1, 2, and 3 have a BER of 1.30 × 10−5, 1.59 × 10−5, and 1.43 × 10−5 respectively with X polarization at 8 m. Similarly, channels 4, 5, and six have BER of 1.91 × 10−5, 1.35 × 10−5, and 1.32 × 10−5 respectively with Y polarization at 8 m. As the system interacts with various atmospheric conditions in a free space environment, heavy attenuation of 75 dB is introduced. Figure 7 shows the successful reception of the signal in which a BER of 10−8 with a respected range of 5 m is reported. Channels 1, 2, and 3 have a BER of 4.20 × 10−8, 3.76 × 10−8, and 3.77 × 10−8 respectively with X polarization at 5 m. Similarly, channels 4, 5, and six have BER of 3.37 × 10−8, 3.82 × 10−8, and 4.22 × 10−8 respectively with Y polarization at 5 m. From the mentioned values, it is clear that obtained BER is less than 10−3 satisfies the minimum accepted BER for successful signal reception.
FIGURE 7
BER vs. Range up to 5 m with heavy attenuation (A) with X polarization and (B) with Y Polarization.
Clear eye opening in both the cases further explains the successful reception of data at the receiver side.
4 Conclusion
In this work, PDM-WDM enabled VLC system under the impact of different channel modeling for a smart city is proposed. VLC is implemented using RGB Lasers with wavelengths of 650 nm (Red), 530 nm (Green), and 450 nm (Blue) respectively to transmit 10 Gbps data in six channels. The reported results show the successful transmission of data in the diffused link of 1.3 m. Furthermore, the proposed system is tested under the impact of half irradiance up to 40° and half incidence angle up to 60°. The successful transmission is reported in terms of BER, which is below the FEC limit of 3.8 × 10−3, and the Eye diagram. The proposed system is tested in the Gamma-Gamma channel with ranges of 8 m in clear atmospheric conditions and 5 m under heavy attenuation. In future work, real time test beds will be considered, to replicate the simulative modeled system in experimental studies.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Funding
This work was supported by the “Ten Thousand Million” Engineering Technology Major Special Support Action Plano of Heilongjiang Province, China (SC2021ZX02A0040), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2018YFB1305700 and Quanzhou Scientific and Technological Planning Projects under Grant No. 2019CT009.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Summary
Keywords
smart city, visible light communication, polarization division multiplexing, wavelength division multiplexing, diffused channels
Citation
Li L and Sharma A (2022) High Speed RGB-Based Duobinary-Encoded Visible Light Communication System Under the Impact of Turbulences. Front. Phys. 10:944623. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2022.944623
Received
15 May 2022
Accepted
09 June 2022
Published
25 August 2022
Volume
10 - 2022
Edited by
Muhammad Saadi, University of Central Punjab, Pakistan
Reviewed by
Akhilesh Kumar Pathak, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Dinesh Pathak, The University of the West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Li and Sharma.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Lin Li, linly5260@163.com
This article was submitted to Optics and Photonics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physics
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.