Numerical study of perforated obstacles effects on the performance of solar parabolic trough collector

Abstract

The current work presents and discusses a numerical analysis of improving heat transmission in the receiver of a parabolic trough solar collector by introducing perforated barriers. While the proposed approach to enhance the collector’s performance is promising, the use of obstacles results in increased pressure loss. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model analysis is conducted based on the renormalization-group (RNG) k-ɛ turbulent model associated with standard wall function using thermal oil D12 as working fluid The thermo-hydraulic analysis of the receiver tube with perforated obstacles is taken for various configurations and Reynolds number ranging from 18,860 to 81,728. The results are compared with that of the receiver without perforated obstacles. The receiver tube with three holes (PO3) showed better heat transfer characteristics. In addition, the Nusselt number (Nu) increases about 115% with the increase of friction factor 5–6.5 times and the performance evaluation criteria (PEC) changes from 1.22 to 1.24. The temperature of thermal oil fluid attains its maximum value at the exit, and higher temperatures (462.1 K) are found in the absorber tube with perforated obstacles with three holes (PO3). Accordingly, using perforated obstacles receiver for parabolic trough concentrator is highly recommended where significant enhancement of system’s performance is achieved.

Highlights

Introduction

Growth in global energy demand and the overuse of non-renewable energy sources such as petrol and natural gas have reduced these resources’ availability and resulted in harmful severe environmental consequences such as air pollution and global warming (Jamshed et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021; Zandalinas et al., 2021). Researchers focused on improving technologies involved in renewable energy sources such as solar to address these issues. Solar collectorsuse a heat-exchanging fluid to convert solar power to thermal power. In fact, using the absorber tube absorbs solar light and transfers heat to the absorber fluid. Therefore, the solar collector increases its internal energy, which may be utilized for other purposes (Sayed et al., 2020; Pandey et al., 2021; Shahzad et al., 2021).

Changing traditional working fluids in solar collectors to nanofluids is one of the activities that has gotten a lot of attention in recent years to improve their thermal performance (Aman et al., 2015; Fares et al., 2020; Mourad et al., 2021; Hassan et al., 2022; Khalid et al., 2022). Dehaj et al. (2021) designed and developed an experimental test bench to examine the parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) efficiency using NiFe₂O₄/Water nanofluid as a working fluid. They used a U-shaped absorber tube. Their results show that the PTSC was more effective when the Nickel Ferrite nanofiuid was introduced. In fact, for a volumetric fraction of .05% and a fiow rate of 3 L/min, an efficiency of 51% can be achieved. Farhana et al. (Farhana et al., 2021)investigated the flat plate solar collector efficiency with crystal nano-cellulose (CNC) nanofluid through an experiment. They revealed that the efficiency of the FPSC was enhanced by 2.48% and 8.46% when .5% Al₂O₃ and .5% CNC nanofluids were used, respectively.

Hosseini et al. (Hosseini Seyed and Shafiey Dehaj, 2021) calculated the energetic performance of a PTSC working with Al₂O₃ and GO nanofiuid with a .2% volume fraction. They found that the thermal efficiency of the PTSC was improved by 63.2% and 32.1% when the GO nanofiuid and the Al₂O₃ nanofiuid were used, respectively. Vahidinia et al. (Vahidinia et al., 2021) valued the thermal performance of the PTSC using three types of Syltherm 800 based nanofluids. The first two are Al₂O₃ and SiO_2, and the third is a hybrid nanofluid merging the above two. They illustrated that the exergy and energy performance of the hybrid nanofluid is always the highest. Vital et al. (Vital Caio. et al., 2021) evaluated the thermo-optical properties of TMN nanofluids such as TiN, ZrN, and HfN in an aqueous medium where the nanofluids were used as working fluids for a direct absorption solar collector (DASC). According to their results, the efficiencies of DASC employing TiN, ZrN, and HfN NF are 6.3%, 5.2%, and 5.6%, respectively. They also stated that these enhancements could be achieved without increasing the demands of pumping power by using a low-concentration regime. Ould-Lahoucine et al. (Ould-Lahoucine et al., 2021) proposed a novel technique to identify the ideal height of the rectangular cooling channel for photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector system employing TiO₂-water nanofluid. Before that, they discussed this nanofluid’s energy and exergy performances inside the PV/T.

Some researchers focused on nanofluid flow through the absorber tube, which is essentially a channel. Esmaeili et al. (Esmaeili et al., 2019) applied a two-phase model to inspect turbulent flow with both forced and free convection of nanofluid within a 3D rectangular channel (Ajeel Raheem et al, 2022). numerically analyzedthe flow pattern and heat transfer properties of ZnO-water nanofluid within a new channel, where both curved and corrugated profiles for the walls and E-shaped baffles. Berrehal et al. (Berrehal and Sowmya, 2021) analyzed nanofluid flow between two inclined walls using the optimal homotopy asymptotic technique. Ajeel et al. (Ajeel Raheem. et al., 2021) utilized the multi-phase mixture model to evaluate the thermal-hydraulic performance of binary hybrid nanofiuid flowing within a curved-corrugated channel. The results show that using the binary hybrid nanoparticles enhanced the thermal characteristics of the base fluid, thus improving the heat transfer rate in the system. This effect can be furthered by raising the volume fraction or the blockage ratio and reducing the pitch angle.

Recently, a new technique has been employed to enhance nanofluid’s heat transport and flow inside channels. It consists of inserting a vortex generator of various shapes and sizes. Their primary purpose is to increase the flow turbulence intensity and eliminate the laminar boundary layer near the walls of the channels. Maadi et al. (Seyed Reza et al., 2021) attempted to enhance the performance of a photovoltaic-thermal system (PV/T) by employing nanofiuid and a wavy-strip insert. The outcomes show that using Al₂O₃water-based nanofiuid and wavy-strip inserts improved the PVT system’s thermal efficiency by 12.06% compared to typical PVT. Mashayekhi et al. (Ramin et al., 2020) analyzed the impact of two rows of twisted conical strip inserts on the flow of a water-Al₂O₃ nanofluid in an oval tube. Their study illustrated that inward Co-Conical inserts provide the highest value of heat transport rate, as it can reach 17% higher than tube without inserts. Hamid et al. (Hamid et al., 2019) performed experiments to study the combined impacts of using TiO₂–SiO₂ nanofluids and wire coil inserts on a tube’s flow and heat transfer. Chadi et al. (Kamel et al., 2021) studied a diamond-water nanofluid’s heat transfer and flow through micro-channels fitted with parallelogram ribs and pie-shaped ribs. The outcomes show that the heat transfer rate was highest when the parallelogram ribs were used. Jing et al. (Jing et al., 2020) underlined the significance of the magnetic field and the shape of heating fins on the flow and heat transport in a rectangular enclosure loaded with nanofluid. Azmi et al. (Azmi et al., 2021) scrutinized the performance of TiO₂–SiO₂/water hybrid nanofluid with various composition ratios flowing inside a tube equipped with wire coil inserts. The outcomes showed that the highest thermal performance factor reached (1.72) with a composition ratio R = .2. In addition, the wire coils can enhance the heat transfer of TiO₂–SiO₂nanofluids by up to 211.75%. Rathnakumar et al. (Rathnakumar et al., 2014) considered improving heat transport turbulent fiow in a tube by equipping it with helical screw louvered rod inserts and employing (CNT)/water nanofiuids at various volume concentrations. The calculations indicated that the helical louvered rod inserts cause augmentation in heat transfer for a certain Reynolds number compared to a plain tube, whereas the friction factor also increased. Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 2018) and Sundar et al. (Syam et al., 2020) explored the effect of twisted tape and wire coil with core-rod inserts on the heat transport, the friction factor of Fe₃O₄/water nanofiuid fiow inside a double pipe U-bend heat exchanger. Sundar et al. (Syam, Said, Saleh, Singh, Antonio Sousa) calculated the thermal-hydraulic performance of rGO/Co₃O₄ hybrid nanofluid in a plain horizontal tube and another one fitted with longitudinal strip inserts. Their findings indicate that the Nusselt number is boosted by 25.65% when the concentration of hybrid nanoparticles in water is .2%. It is further improved by 110.56% when a straight strip is inserted. However, employing linear strip inserts and hybrid nanofluids results in aninsignificantdrawback in fluid friction. Alnaqi et al. (Abdulwahab et al., 2021)examined the performance of a solar collector fitted with two twisted tape inserts and loaded with MgO-MWCNT thermal oil-based hybrid nanofluid. Mohammed et al. (Hussein et al., 2019) studied numerically the overall thermo-hydraulic performance of nanofiuids in forced convection fiow inside circular tubes fitted with divergent and convergent conical rings inserts. According to their results, the divergent ring inserts produced a 365% enhancement in the performance criteria, making them the best option. Sheikhzadeh et al. (Ghanbar et al., 2019) examined an ethylene-glycol-based hybrid nanofluid’s thermodynamic and flow properties in a rectangular channel with turbulators with various wing forms. The result shows that the trapezoidal wings with a volume fraction of .6% provide the best heat transfer performance considering fluid flow.

Model description

Physical model

Figure 1 depicts the solar parabolic system’s schematic and the collector’s receiver. The parabolic trough collector (PTC) concentrates the direct sunlight on the bottom perimeter of the parabolic trough receiver (PTR). In contrast, the top perimeter of the PTR is exposed to non-concentrated solar irradiation (Figure 1A). Figure 1 shows a cross-section drawing of the PTR (b). A glass cover protects the stainless-steel absorber tube. The space between the metal tube and the glass cover is constantly vacuumed to reduce heat loss. The focused solar energy travels through the glass cover and lands on the metal tube’s outer surface. The concentrated solar energy is absorbed and transformed into heat by the metal tube. The heat is conveyed to the heat transfer fluid by conduction and convection modes. The receiver model employed in this study intends to improve the heat transmission performance of PTR by introducing absorber tubes with perforated barriers (Figures 2, 3). Table 1 shows the geometrical characteristics of PTR and perforated barriers. Table 2 also depicts the thermophysical parameters of the working fluid (Thermal oil D12), perforated barriers, and absorber tube.

FIGURE 1

Wang et al., 2015).

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

Boundary conditions

The upper half perimeter of the metal tube is exposed to the uniform heat flux qt, which is calculated as:

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 5

Numerical model

Numerical method

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique was used in this work. The finite volume technique (FVM) is used to discretize the equations. The resulted equations system is solved numerically by employing the commercial package software ANSYS-FLUENT (Release 17.1). The RNG k-ɛ turbulence model is employed to simulate the turbulent flow of Thermal oil D12 in the solar collector’s absorber tube. Second-order UPWIND and QUICK methods are used for discretizing the convective components in momentum and energy equations. For dealing with pressure-velocity coupling, the SIMPLEC method is utilized. For all equations, the convergence threshold is 10–6. GAMBIT version 2.2 is used to generate and the mesh of the physical model (Figure 6).

FIGURE 6

Governing equations

The instantaneous Navier Stokes equation is used to generate the RNG k-turbulent model by using a mathematical approach known as “renormalization group” (RNG) methods (Gnielinski, 1976; Yakhot et al., 1992). The values of k (turbulent kinetic energy) and ɛ (turbulent dissipation rate) are determined by equations:Where

The turbulent viscosity is calcluated as:Where the parameter represents the fluid’s density.

denotes the strain tensor rate and is defined as:

Table 3 summarizes the model constants used.

Results and discussion

Grid independency

Numerous calculations were undertaken to determine the total number of grid points required to create an array adequate for measuring flux and thermal field in order to justify the simulation solution’s accuracy and consistency. Table 4 illustrates the evolution of the average Nusselt number as a cell number function for Reynolds numbers ranging from 10⁴ to 10⁶.

Code validation

To determine the validity and correctness of the model and numerical solution used in this inquiry, the Nusselt number generated in this study is compared to the Nusselt number computed using the Gnielinski correlation (Petukhov et al., 1970). Gnielinski devised the following equation to get the Nusselt number of a smooth tube:Where the Petukhov friction correlation is as used in (Gee and Webb, 1980):

By flowing the PTR heat transfer fluid through a metal tube, the heat transfer properties of the fluid are studied. The Nu_avg, Re, and heat transfer coefficient (h) read are as follows:

The Darcy friction factor in turbulent flow regime is as defined in (Amina et al., 2017):

Using the relation between the pressure and shear forces, the above expression can be written as:

To verify the quality of the computational model employed in this study, the Gnielinski and Petukhov correlations for the Nusselt number and friction factor are utilized to evaluate the simulation of heat transfer and flow properties of the thermal oil D12 in the absorber tube. Figure 7 and Figure 8 show the friction factor and Nusselt number comparisons between the numerical results and the correlations for smooth absorber, respectively. The maximum deviation value of the numerical results was found to be around 7.8% and 15%, and the minimum deviation equals 18% and 11% for the Nusselt number and friction factor, respectively. The heat transfer and flow properties are clearly in agreement with the correlations.

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 8

Effect of perforated obstacles on heat transfer

As seen in Figure 9, changes in Reynolds number (Re) generate fluctuations in Nusselt number, which has values of 18860 (v = 15 m/s), 44007 (v = 35 m/s), and 81728 (v = 65 m/s) when using thermal oil D12 as working fluid. The Nusselt number approximately linearly rises in proportion to the Reynolds number; this enhancement is caused by introducing perforated barriers, which improve the heat transfer area. The vortex flow was caused by fluid mixing given by the perforated barriers, and enhanced turbulent intensity at high values of Re leads the thermal boundary layer to be destroyed. The highest gain is seen in absorber tubes with three holes and perforated barriers (PO3). The average Nusselt number improves by 115 percent compared to the standard case with the smooth absorber. Perforated barriers with one hole (PO1) are the second most successful example, with an average Nusselt number enhancement of 108 percent.

FIGURE 9

In contrast, perforated barriers with nine holes (PO9) have the smallest Nusselt number enhancement, which equals 54 percent. From Figure 10, it can be observed that the smooth case has the smallest friction factor of all the cases investigated in this study. The largest friction factor is obtained when perforated barriers with one hole (PO1) are used, followed by perforated barriers with three holes (PO3) and perforated barriers with nine holes (PO9) in the second and third cases, respectively. These higher values are caused by the whirling flow generated by the inserts that function as an obstruction. Figure 11 displays the heat transfer fluid average temperature distribution on sectional planes (y-axis and z-axis) along the entire length of the absorber tube with and without impediments. At the exit, the temperature reaches its peak. Higher temperatures (462.1 K) are achieved in the absorber tube with perforated barriers with three holes (PO3), followed by (461.56 K) for perforated barriers with one hole (PO1), and 454.92 K for perforated barriers with nine holes (PO9). Figure 12 shows the temperature distributions of the PTR absorber tube on two distinct cross-sections with Re = 81728 for various scenarios.

FIGURE 10

FIGURE 11

FIGURE 12

Thermal performance analysis

To enhance heat transfer efficiency, it is required to assess both heat transfer and flow resistance concurrently. As a result, as stated below (Xiangtao et al., 2017), the performance evaluation criteria (PEC) are universal assessment tools that reflect a heat transfer unit’s overall performance. The thermal performance criterion was calculated as the ratio of the dimensionless Nusselt number to the dimensionless friction factor.where (Nu0) and (Nu1) represent the smooth absorber case (f0).

Figure 13 illustrates the fluctuation of performance evaluation criteria (PEC); when the PEC values exceed one, it indicates that the inserts have a favorable influence on heat transfer. It is notable that the perforated barriers give a heat transfer boost over the smooth tube. The perforated barriers with three holes had the greatest PEC value (PO3).

FIGURE 13

Table 5 includes the obtained increase in the Nusselt number (Nu) and in the performance evaluation criteria (PEC). Data has been estimated according to the results of these papers. Moreover, this table shows the method of every study. These studies more specifically, present lower performance evaluation criteria (PEC) compared to the present study. According to the final results, the use of perforated obstacles leads to 1.24% performance evaluation criteria (PEC) enhancement.

Conclusion

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