Abstract
We describe the first classic example of green synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolones scaffolds by catalyst-free unusual reaction of diketene, isatin, and primary amines in ethanol in the presence of pyrazole as a promoter for 4 h. The whole structure of the new product was confirmed by X-ray analysis. The overall transformation involves the cleavage and generation of multiple carbon-nitrogen and carbon-carbon bonds. This report represents a simple and straightforward approach for the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-diones, which has significant advantages like readily available precursors, non-use of toxic solvent, operational simplicity, mild conditions, good atom economy, and excellent yields; therefore it provides a green and sustainable strategy for access to a range of interesting N-containing heterocyclic compounds in medicinal and organic chemistry.
1 Introduction
Quinolines have received lots of attention from biologists and chemists as they are significant elements in the synthesis of dyes, fragrances, and natural products with biological activities (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Russ et al., 2012). In pharmaceuticals, they have been outlined as, antibiotic (), anticancer (; Sun et al., 2013), anti-inflammatory (), antimalarial (), antihypertensive (), anti-HIV (Strekowski et al., 1991; Wilson et al., 1992), inhibition of Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (), and anti-tuberculosis () agents. In other words, pyrrolidones are also typical buildings in several important categories of bioactive compounds (; ). Molecules bearing a pyrrolidone structure, are used in dye-sensitized solar cells and several natural products with biologically activeties (; ; ). For instance, arcyria rubin A and its derivatives show potent antiviral activities (; Slater et al., 1995), antimicrobial (), and powerful protein kinase C inhibitors ().
The merger of these outstanding heterocycles, pyrrolidone, and quinolone is promising classes of pharmaceutical frameworks with antifungal (), anti-inflammatory (), anticancer (), anti-tuberculosis (Tseng et al., 2010), anti-Alzheimer (Tseng et al., 2009), anti-HIV, anti-hypertension, and anticancer activities (; Sharma et al., 2018). They also have inhibitory activities versus hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase (Thomas and Tallman, 1981; Summa et al., 2009), ADAMTS-5 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5) and ADAMTS-4 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4) (Sharma et al., 2008; ).
In this regard, the pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-dione segment (1) exhibits a perfect range of pharmacologically and biologically enjoyable activities (Figure 1) (; ; Segura-Cabrera et al., 2011; ). For example, pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline (2) is a potent inhibitor of caspase-3 (), which plays a clef role in apoptosis (; ). Caspases are interesting goals for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders (; ). In particular, caspase-3 inhibitors have been reported as powerful hepatoprotectants (; ; Segawa et al., 2001; ; ), cardioprotectants (; ), and neuroprotectants (Scott et al., 2003). Also, compound (3) has inhibitory activity against HCV polymerase (). Furthermore, alpkinidine (4) has shown potent therapeutic efficacy in vivo in HCT-116-bearing mice (Valeriote et al., 2012).
FIGURE 1
Because of broad applications in medicinal chemistry, the synthesis of these fused interesting heterocycles has specific importance to the pharmaceutical and organic chemists. Newly, there has been increasing attentiveness in the construction of pyrrole-fused-quinolines, and various procedures have been reported. Main synthetic approaches include Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic cyclization (), copper () and palladium-catalyzed (; Shukla et al., 2012; ) reactions, DDQ-mediated intramolecular cyclization (Wald et al., 1980), allene-based reaction cascades (), photo substituted reactions and flash vacuum pyrolysis. Although the majority of synthetic plans were applied for the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline and pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline analogs. Few synthetic relate have been released on the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolones, and only multi-step synthetic methods are known to date.
In this matter, there are notable examples based on the cyclo condensation of b-keto amides and 2-amino-5-fluorophenyl glyoxylic acid (), Pfitzinger reaction (; ), the one-pot two-component method by DMAP-catalyzed (), the BF3Et2O-catalyzed isocyanide-based cycloaddition reaction (), and microwave-assisted reaction methods (Xia et al., 2014), which all are multi-step reactions (Scheme 1). However, these procedures are limited by low yields, harsh reaction conditions, the long reaction time, and their complexity.
SCHEME 1
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have become increasingly popular as a simple and powerful tool for the rapid formation of new scaffolds from simple starting materials with structural diversity and molecular complexity in a convergent manner (; Sedighian et al., 2021). MCRs are one-pot strategies exploiting three or more simple substrates where most of the reactant atoms are incorporated into the final desired product (; ; Shiri and Aboonajmi, 2020; Yavari and Safaei, 2020). In comparison to the traditional multistep sequential assembly of target compounds, MCRs manifest several advantages including easy handling, selective bond formation, time-saving, high atom economy, fewer purification steps and structural variability (Younus et al., 2021; Shiri et al., 2022).
Due to our experience and interest in the synthesis of novel heterocycles, we became engrossed in how Knoevenagel product obtained from isatine and pyrazole could be in situ trapped by keto amides resulting from diketene and primary amines to give a heterocycle product. We considered the utilization of diketene as starting material and reagent because it is extensively used for the generation for a diverse range of different heterocycles. For this purpose, in continuation of our successive attempts towards the synthesis of heterocycles by multicomponent strategies, (; Talaei et al., 2018; Rezvanian et al., 2020a; Rezvanian et al., 2020b), especially using diketene reactions (; Rezvanian, 2015; Rezvanian, 2016; ; ; ; Rezvanian et al., 2020c; Rezvanian et al., 2020d; Rezvanian et al., 2020e; Rezvanian et al., 2021a; Rezvanian et al., 2021b), we herein explain an efficient approach to synthesize pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-diones 7 from the reaction of isatin, diketene, and primary amines based on the unique reactivity of pyrazole as a promoter in high yields (Scheme 3).
2 Experimental section
2.1 Instrumentation, analyses, and starting materials
The diketene, various amines, hydrazine, Hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, and isatines were obtained from commercial sources with high purity. The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were run on a Bruker spectrophotometer at 300/500 and 75/125 MHz respectively. Coupling constants are reported in Hz. All mass spectra were measured on a mass spectrometer (Agilent5973 Network) at the ionization potential of 70 Ev. The IR spectra were recorded by BRUKER TENSOR 27 FT-IR instrument.
2.2 General procedure for the synthesis of 3-methyl-pyrazole-5-one
Hydrazine hydrate 70% (2 mmol) was added to ethyl acetoacetate (1.4 mmol) and was treated at room temperature without solvent. After 30 min, the product was precipitate and filtered, and washed with a few drops of water, and pyrazole was obtained as a white crystal dried and used for further steps.
2.3 General procedure for the synthesis of structurally diverse pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-diones 7
To a round-bottom flask (25 mL), the following were added; pyrazole (1.0 mmol), isatin 5 (1.0 mmol), diketene (1.0 mmol), primary amine 6 (1.0 mmol); and the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for approximately 4 h and monitored by TLC until the substrates were wholly consumed. Upon the formation of the desired product 7, the product was precipitated, filtered, and washed with a few drops of EtOH, and the target compound 7 was obtained as a yellow solid with excellent yield (73%–90%). Post separating product 7, the reaction mixture was cooled to 20°C–25°C, and upon cooling the reaction mixture and evaporation of the solvent, the sediment solid was filtered and washed with ethanol, and finally the pyrazole was obtained again with 81% yield.
3 Results and discussion
At the outset of our investigation, the reaction of hydrazine, ethyl acetoacetate, isatine 5, diketene, and primary amine 6 in the lack of any catalyst at room temperature was designed. To study this new process, isatin 5a, ethyl amine 6a, and ethyl acetoacetate were selected as model reactions (Scheme 2). In this route, firstly, hydrazine (1 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (1 mmol), and isatin 5a (1 mmol) in ethanol (4 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 1 h, which afforded the Michael adduct 8a. Next, ethylamine 6a (1 mmol) and diketene (1 mmol) were added to the reaction mixture. The advance of the reaction was followed by TLC (1-6 ethyl acetate-hexane). Unfortunately, no product was obtained at room temperature after 48 h (Table 1, entries 1). However, when the mixture reaction was heated at 70°C gratifyingly, we observed that the acceptable product was formed in an isolated yield of 84% within 5 h (Table 1, entry 2). Upon the construction of the desired outcome, immediately the precipitated solid was filtered off, washed with ethanol, and crystallized from hot ethanol in excellent yield. Amazingly, instead of the expected spiro pyridine product 11 (Scheme 4), we observed an unanticipated process leading to pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolone 7a in excellent yield (Scheme 2). On the other hand, post-workup product 7a, the solvent was evaporated. We observed the precipitated white solid of pyrazole (from hydrazine and ethyl acetoacetate) slowly settling in which it was filtered and washed with water. The absolute structure of the newly synthesized product 7a was explicitly confirmed by X-ray analysis.
SCHEME 2
TABLE 1
 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entry | Solvent | Temp. (˚C) | Time (h) | Yield (%)b |
| 1 | Ethanol (4 mL) | r.t. | 48 | - |
| 2 | Ethanol (4 mL) | 70 | 4 | 90 |
| 3 | Ethanol (4 mL) | 80 | 4 | 90 |
| 4 | Acetonitrile (4 mL) | 70 | 12 | 45 |
| 5 | Methanol (4 mL) | 70 | 8 | 33 |
| 6 | Water (4 mL) | 70 | 8 | 52 |
| 7 | Water/ethanol (4 mL) | 70 | 5 | 60 |
| 8 | Tetrahydrofuran(4 mL) | 70 | 12 | 30 |
Examining; optimum reaction conditions.
Then, in a controlled testing, the reaction of this five-component manufacturing process proceeds in the absence of pyrazole resulting from hydrazine and ethyl acetoacetate in which the effect of pyrazole was evaluated for this reaction. We concluded that the response could not advance without pyrazole under these conditions, and when the reaction mixture was carried with pyrazole (1 mol), the objective compound 7a obtained an 84% yield. Also, the change in amounts of pyrazole was explored for the reaction. The best result (90%) of the product was formed when (1 mol) of the pyrazole was exploited. By decreasing the amount of pyrazole to (0.7 and 0.5 mol), the development was accomplished at 35% and 27%, and it was observed that increasing the pyrazole loading had a considerable effect on the formation product. However, without using pyrazole, the reaction failed to develop even after 48 h.
Thus, to increase the yield of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-dione 7a and minimize reaction time, four-component reactions between isatin 5a, pyrazole, diketene, and ethylamine 6a were designed (Table 1), because of the success achieved using pyrazole promoted response. We found pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-dione 7a as the only product when the reaction mixture was composed of a 1:1:1:1 variety of compounds.
In this reaction, solvent and temperature were examined to optimize the reaction conditions. Due; to the impossibility of carrying out the reaction at ambient temperature, the response was performed under reflux conditions. Also, it was observed that increasing the temperature above 70°C has no significant effect on the product yield. Despite obtaining good results, organic solvents did not improve much compared to water, including acetonitrile, methanol, water, water/ethanol, and tetrahydrofuran). Therefore, all reactions were performed under reflux conditions at 70°C in water to give satisfactory and excellent results.
Reaction conditions: pyrazole (1.0 mmol), isatine 5a (1.0 mmol), diketene (1.0 mmol), ethyl amine 6a (1.0 mmol), solvent (4.0 ml). [b] Isolated yield.
Having identified the best available conditions, to explore the efficiency and generality of this approach, the reactions between another isatine 1 and primary amines 2 were conducted, and the outcomes are shown in Scheme 3. The corresponding functionalized pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-diones 7 were obtained in excellent yields at 70°C in ethanol in the presence of pyrazole (1 mmol) as a promoter. Various primary amines (6a-f) reacted with isatines to generate corresponding pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-diones 7a-h.
SCHEME 3
The skeleton of all synthetic compounds 7a-h was elucidated by ESI-MS, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR spectroscopy, and X-ray analysis. FTIR of 7a exhibited absorption bands in 1764, 1705, and 1622 due to the two CO and C=N stretching frequencies. In the 1H-NMR spectrum of 7a, triplet and quartet in δ = 1.31 (3JH-H = 7.2 Hz) and δ = 3.77 (3JH-H = 7.2 Hz) ppm are due to CH3 and CH2 groups. The Singlet peak in δ = 3.01 is due to the CH3 group. Also the signals in the aromatic section confirmed the presence of the four aromatic hydrogens of the aromatic ring. The presence of 14 apparent signs in the 13C-NMR spectrum is in accordance with the suggested structure of 7a. The highlighted areas in the 13C NMR are due to two CH3, two CH2, and two C=O groups, which are evident at δ = 13.94, 22.03, 33.01, 168.06, 168.33 ppm. Single crystal X-ray crystallography structure of 7b was certified as the product structure (Figure 2).
FIGURE 2
This reaction is a particular case, and a probable tool is illustrated in Scheme 4 for the generation of compound 7. It is advisable to suggest that the first stage starts via a Knoevenagel-type condensation of isatine and pyrazole to provide the intermediate 8 as the Michael acceptor. Then, nucleophilic attack of the amine to diketene and ring-opening of diketene pursue by proton transfer to give β-ketoamide 9. After the formation of adduct 8, nucleophilic addition enol form 10 on the Michael acceptor 8 afforded intermediate 11via Michael addition. At this stage, attending to the preceding articles, we expected adduct 11 with O-cyclization, attacking the carbonyl group, and tautomerization to give the desired heterocyclic compound 13. But contemplating X-ray diffraction and 1H and 13C NMR spectra, product 12 was not formed, and another extraordinary incident happened. In truth, in this step, nucleophilic addition of the enol form 10 is followed the elimination of pyrazole to give 14 via proton transfer. Then, in intermediate 14, with an intramolecular cyclization via N-nucleophilic attack of the amide group and proton transfer to form middle 15, ring opening and proton transfer gives the medium 17. Finally, nucleophilic attack of the amine 17 to C=O bond, intramolecular cyclization to form middle 18, elimination of H2O, and deprotonation product 7 are created.
SCHEME 4
4 Conclusion
As a result, we have described an unusual three-component reaction to construct novel molecules containing a pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-dione core from readily available reagents of pyrazole, isatine, diketene, and primary amine in ethanol. The most significant aspects of the process are the accessibility of the starting precursors, mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, high yields of the synthesized products, and easy operation at the manufacturing scale. The overall process of reaction includes all the aspects of green chemistry and has new portals for the growth of more sustainable multicomponent reactions. This category of heterocycles with several pharmacophores may be interesting for medicine and pharmacology.
Statements
Data availability statement
Detailed experimental procedures and compound characterization data in the Supporting Information (PDF) are available. X-ray Crystallography: Deposition Number 7a is 2202802c and contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures.
Author contributions
AR analyzed spectral characterization of synthesized molecules. AR wrote and edited the article. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
Financial support from the Research Council of Alzahra University is sincerely acknowledged.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2023.1219986/full#supplementary-material
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Summary
Keywords
pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolones, pyrazole, diketene, heterocycles, green solvent, multicomponent reaction
Citation
Rezvanian A and Esfandsar Z (2023) Pyrazole‐promoted synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4‐c] quinoline-1,3‐diones in a novel diketene-based reaction. Front. Chem. 11:1219986. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1219986
Received
09 May 2023
Accepted
08 September 2023
Published
26 September 2023
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited by
Guigen Li, Texas Tech University, United States
Reviewed by
Bubun Banerjee, Akal University, India
S. Hassan Hosseini, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Iran
Yanrong Li, Boston College, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Rezvanian and Esfandsar.
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*Correspondence: Atieh Rezvanian, rezvaniana@alzahra.ac.ir
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