Passive Control of Hydrodynamic Forces on a Circular Obstacle in a Transient Flow: FEM Computations

Abstract

Hydrodynamic forces are crucial in engineering applications; therefore, various research initiatives have been conducted to limit them. In this research, a passive control technique to investigate the fluid forces acting on a circular cylinder in a laminar flow regime is studied. The reliability of the usage of a splitter plate (passive control device) downstream of the obstacle in suppressing the fluid forces on a circular obstacle of diameter is presented. The first parameter of the current study is the attachment of splitter plates of various lengths with the obstacle, whereas the gap separation between the splitter plate and the obstacle is used as a second parameter. The control element of the first and second parameters are varied from to . For the attached splitter plates of lengths and , the oscillatory behavior of transient flow at is successfully controlled. For the gap separations and , the suppression of vortex shedding is also observed. However, it is observed that a splitter plate of too short length and a plate located at an inappropriate gap from an obstacle are worthless. Moreover, the present study is extended for power-law fluid in the same domain, and maximum drag reduction is achieved using the same strategy as for Newtonian fluid. The finite element method is utilized as a computational strategy for complicated nonlinear governing equations. For a clear physical depiction of the problem, velocity and pressure plots have been provided. It is concluded that the presence of a splitter plate has suppressed the vortex shedding and the flow regime turns out to be steady, as is evident from the nonoscillatory drag and lift coefficients.

Introduction

During the last decade or so, the subject of flow control has received considerable attention and is an evolving field of fluid dynamics. The flow wake behind the bluff structure can induce unsteady forces, which have the power to ruin the structure in contact with the flow field. At the same time, a small change in the configuration can lead to large engineering benefits, such as drag reduction, lift enhancement, or mixing enhancement. Often CFD simulation aims to control the fluid forces acting on the obstacles.

Flow control is an intriguing area with numerous real-world applications, especially in aerodynamics. When an uneven wake emerges behind an obstruction, it creates structural oscillations that might induce fatigue failure. Controlling the wake phenomenon could directly serve an extensive range of engineering applications, such as skyscrapers, bridges, naval risers, columns, and just a few segments of airplanes. The downstream flow regime is mostly determined by the bluff object’s configuration and the inflow velocity (or the Reynolds number, Re). In the downstream wake zone, isolated shear layers from both upper and lower regions of the bluff item lift up above a critical , producing a Von-Karman vortex street or alternating vortices shedding. Because of the bluff object’s oscillating drag force and lift force caused by periodic vortex shedding, a considerable pressure reduction occurs. Triantafyllou et al. [1] pointed out that the absolute instability that directs the vortex dynamics and global wake unsteadiness in the flow is principally modified by these control techniques. Both the devices, passive (without external energy input) and active (with some externally added energy input), are control strategies to adjust the unstable wake region and decrease the unstable pressures, induced on the bluff items that have been proposed in the literature [2, 3].

The use of a splitter plate located in the bluff body wake has gained substantial attention in the past as a passive control solution because of its simple geometric structure. The splitter plate’s ability to reduce wake was developed in early experimental investigations conducted by Roshko in the mid-1950s [4, 5]. At Re = 14,500, he revealed that a plate with a length of 5D (where D is the cylinder diameter) affixed to the cylinder base could entirely control vortex shedding. Because of the splitter plate, the base pressure was increased, whereas the drag force was reduced. [6] investigated the wake flow behind a two-dimensional bluff body model with a wake splitter plate with a base/height ratio of up to 4. The influence of the splitter plate on the frequency of vortex shedding was explained by [7] in the context of the frequency-determining factors in the vortex formation zone and the shear layer diffusion length. By monitoring the pressure distribution, the vortex shedding frequency, and the flow visualizations, [8]and [9] investigated the effect of the splitter plate on the flow characteristics.

A significant parameter is a nondimensional gap from the base point of the cylinder to the splitter’s forefront that determines the wake behavior, according to experiments on the detached splitter plate [10]. They discovered that the wake–plate interactions significantly influenced the intensity of absolute instability in the mean flow. [11] evaluated the impact of a detachable plate on a circular obstacle and found that forces induced on the cylinder were significantly lessened. [12] investigated the impact of a splitter plate not attached to the cylinder in an asymmetric arrangement on the length and position of the plate. He noticed that as the distance between the cylinder’s central point and the forefront of the downstream splitting plate was increased, the drag coefficient began to decrease. By altering the position of the splitter plate, [13] broadened the prior experimental research to evaluate the impact of a splitter plate with some gap separation on the abolishment of vortex shedding. [14] hypothesized that removing or decreasing the local absolute unsteadiness in the separated shear layers and wake centerline section could result in substantial control over Von-Karman vortex shedding and a decrease in unstable forces. [15] investigated detachable splitting plates and discovered a considerable reliance on high Reynolds numbers.

It has been reported by [16] that the drag coefficient of the attached type rigid splitter plate reduces monotonically as the length of the plate increases up to twice the circular-shaped cylinder’s diameter. The length of the stiff splitter for which the vortex shedding phenomena is obstructed for flow through a circular cylinder is the subject of another investigation by [17]. In recent years, an experimental study by [18]has been conducted on a wind tunnel. They investigated the impact of various gaps between adjacent passive jet rings for controlling the VIV. To investigate the plate length’s sensitivity, [19] provided an upstream splitter plate to the stagnation point of a circular cylinder. They concluded that the reduction in the mean drag and fluctuating lift could reach 36.0% and 63.6%, respectively, when L/D was equal to 1.0. To envisage the VIV response of a cylinder of circular shape immersed in a fluid, [20] established a coupled wake oscillator dynamic equation.

The viscous flow around obstructions was initially considered, but non-Newtonian fluids have made a huge impact as a result of technological advances across the industrial frontiers in the last few decades as obvious from the literature [21–23]. Non-Newtonian fluids are even further classified into many classes. There is only a minor contribution to non-Newtonian fluids flowing around obstacles in the literature. From the literature [24–27], one can evaluate contemporary and historical achievements using both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid models. The study is limited to one of the non-Newtonian fluids known as the power-law or Ostwald–de Waele fluid in this endeavor. Because of the power-law fluid model’s relevance, numerous scholars have applied their findings to other geometrical configurations [28–30]. Power-law fluids have been the subject of an unceasing stream of research in recent years.

Control of hydrodynamic forces using splitter plates has been done mostly for Newtonian fluids; however, for non-Newtonian fluid models, much more work is required as most of the fluids of practical interest possess nonlinear viscosity. The novelty of the present work is that it examines the influence of a splitter plate for the minimization of drag force on a circular cylinder for non-Newtonian fluid in a transient flow by using the power-law model. An initial study is for viscous flow by analyzing the effects of a control splitter plate fitted to an obstacle of circular shape on the reduction of drag and enhancement of lift coefficients, at . The splitter plate of various nondimensional lengths () attached to the cylinder has been used as a passive control technique for the present study. Furthermore, splitter plates fitted at various gap separation also used for control of hydrodynamic forces. Moreover, all results for the present work are attained through FEM-based simulations. [31, 32] conducted a FEM computation-based study for analysis of the viscous fluid flow characteristics inside a channel driven-cavity and described the effects of shape function for linear as well as quadratic profiles. For the physical setup of the problem, different hybrid computational meshes based on FEM are described. A brief discussion on the characteristics of fluid forces over the obstacle of square shape is the main objective of this study.

The current work is divided into numerous categories and organized as follows. The description of physical problems and the governing equations with fundamental relations are explained in the first and second sections. The third section consists of the description of the numerical scheme and grid convergence. Moreover, for code validation, the results are compared with the literature [33]. The results and discussion of the present paper are provided in the fourth section. The conclusions of this present study are presented in the last section.

2 Physical Problem and Mathematical Modeling

Two problems considered in this section are associated with the laminar flow around a circular cylinder with an attached splitter plate of different lengths (Figure 1) and the laminar flow around a circular cylinder fitted with a splitter plate of various gap separation in a channel (Figure 2). A channel of height H = 0.41 m and length L = 2.2 m be the dimension of physical domain with a circular cylinder of diameter D = 0.1 m and centre C(0.2,0.2). In the case of splitter plate attached to the surface of the cylinder, plates of different lengths are simultaneously introduced in the physical configuration as shown in Figure 1. For the case of a detached splitter plate shown in Figure 2, a spitter plate of fixed length is located at three different positions, such that at gap , respectively. For all the cases, the plate thickness is same, which is equal to 0.01 m.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 2

For nondimensionalized governing equations, the average velocity and length (cylinder diameter ) scales are used, respectively.

For a viscous, incompressible fluid in a transient flow over a circular obstacle along with an attached or detached splitter plate, the governing equations are the continuity and momentum equations. The governing equations in the dimensionless form are written as follows:

The shear stress relation for viscous fluids is as follows:Where is the shear stress, is the shear rate, and is the dynamic viscosity.

For non-Newtonian power-law fluid,where is the fluid consistency coefficient and is the power-law index.

For , ) behaves for Newtonian fluids, and for the present study, in the case of , the value of is taken from [33], and that for is chosen from [34].

For the transient flow field, the boundary conditions are described as follows:

Inlet boundary

Outlet boundary

Side walls

Cylindrical surface

The dimensionless parameter Reynolds number for the power-law model is defined by the following:where is the average velocity, is the diameter of the obstacle, is the density, and is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.

The nondimensional drag and lift forces acting on the circular obstacle.

3 Numerical Procedure

FEM computation is used to achieve and handle a mathematical formulation of governing Eqs 1–3. The stable finite element pair satisfying the inf-sup condition has been utilized. The Newton–Raphson (N-R) iterative process is used to obtain the finite element method formulations for nonlinear algebraic problems. For the solution of the linearized system, the PARDISO solver is utilized, which works for general system and is based on matrix factorization with special reordering of unknowns and reduces the number of iterations need to achieve the optimal level of convergence. Furthermore, to stabilize the flow at higher values of , a cross-wind stabilization technique is implemented.

3.1 Weak Formulation

The basic mechanism for solving the system of Eqs 1–3 is the finite element method. The initial step is the conversion of Eqs 1–3 into what is known as “weak formulations.” We begin by introducing test and trial spaces, as follows:

Let be the test subspaces for , and for pressure, is the test space. The weak form of the above equations is as follows:

In Eqs 6–8, and are defined as test functions for pressure and velocity, respectively.

Using the finite-dimensional subspaces, we compute continuous solutions with discrete ones for numerical approximation.

Using Eq. 9 in Eqs 6–8, the following discrete version is obtained:

Basis functions are defined for discrete solutions as follows:where depicts the number of degrees of freedom.

Using Eqs 10–12 give rise to

In the matrix form,

Here, is the discrete mass matrix, is discrete Laplacian operator for the diffusion term, and is the convective matrix at the discrete level.

3.2 Validation of Results

The legitimacy of the numerical results must be established because the current numerical study is conducted using a CFD program based on the PARDISO solver. For authentication of the present numerical investigation, the drag coefficient and lift coefficient of a circular cylinder were evaluated to compare with previous studies and are graphically shown in Figure 3. From the graphs, it is can be observed that amplitude increases with increment in refinement level. The results at level 9 are in close agreement with those of [33], represented in Table 1.

FIGURE 3

3.3 Grid Independence Test

Figure 4 demonstrates the computational domain that is meshed using the elements of triangular and quadrilateral shapes. Because of the velocity gradient’s high value, the quadrilateral elements were used close to these areas near the wall of the cylinder and the edges of the splitter plate. Moreover, triangular elements were used for the remaining computational domain. The test for grid independence was conducted on the flow past the circular cylinder with an attached splitter plate of length . The mesh resolutions were varied to four different levels to observe the spatial convergence. By comparison of the numerical values in Table 2, it was observed that the mesh resolutions in case 1 and case 2 were suitable to precisely estimate the impact of splitter plates on the control of hydrodynamic forces. The refinement of grid resolution from case 2 to case 3 predicted more accuracy of results. However, as the mesh density increased more from case 3 to case 4, there was no considerable change in the numerical quantities observed.

FIGURE 4

4 Results and Discussion

The numerical solutions to dimensionless Eqs 1–3 at are presented in this section. The results for drag and lift coefficients are obtained by considering both Newtonian [33] and non-Newtonian fluids [34]. Moreover, this section consists of two cases: case , effects of splitter plate of different lengths to and , attached with the circular cylinder, and case , effects of splitter plate of length fixed , fitted at various gap separation, namely, , , and .

4.1 Effects of Newtonian Fluid

Figures 5, 6A–C are velocity profiles for the case when the splitter plate is attached to the circular cylinder and for a detached splitter plate, respectively. The fluid begins to flow in a channel with a parabolic velocity profile as an inlet velocity, and at a right angle, the region showing the stagnation point is formed to the flow direction, so that the fluid bifurcates about the cylinder with greater velocity, whereas the fluid so close to the side walls admits minimum velocity or zero velocity because of the no-slip condition. For case , it can be noticed from Figure 5A that the behavior of fluid flow is periodic but by increasing the length of the attached splitter plate from to and , the periodicity is overcome. For case , Figures 6A–B depict that by fitting the plate at gap separation and , periodicity is under control, whereas at gap , the splatter plate is unable to overcome periodic flow, as shown in Figure 6C.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 6

The flow visualizations for fluid motion are shown in this section. Figures 7A–C illustrate the total pressure for various splitter plate lengths, and Figures 8A–C show the splitter plate of fixed length fitted at various gap separations, respectively. The pressure is maximum at the stagnation point and becomes minimum when fluid bifurcates around the circular obstacle. For the first case, each figure shows the effects of the splitter plate’s length variation from The nonlinearity of pressure is observed in Figure 8A, as the plate of the shortest length effects periodicity negligibly. By contrast, the plates of lengths overcome periodicity so that pressure becomes linear efficiently, as shown in Figures 7B,C. The second case, shown in Figures 8A–C, implies that the gap separation between the splitter plate and obstacle is adjusted in such a way that for a lesser gap between obstacle and plate, the nonlinear pressure profile becomes linear just after the fluid passes over the obstacle. For the maximum gap , the plate has lesser effects. It is noticed that the pressure between the gap is also minimum (Figures 8A–C).

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 8

The drag and lift forces are induced here in a channel flow because of the presence of an obstacle of circular shape centered at . These hydrodynamic quantities are produced because of the pressure and viscous forces imposed on the obstacle. In an unsteady flow regime, oscillation in both drag and lift forces occurred, which is a result of the vortex shedding formation in the flow. This research aims to control these hydrodynamic forces over a circular obstacle in an unsteady flow regime. Figure 9A–F and Figure 10A–F show the time signals of the drag and lift coefficients for two different cases at It is evident from the Figures 9A–F that the drag coefficient is decreased by increasing the length of the plate, whereas the value of the lift coefficient is enhanced. It is well understood that for greater splitter plate length, there is a quick separation of flow and also away from the front of the circular obstacle. Figures 10A–F depict the impacts of the second case on drag and lift coefficients. It is obvious that the splitter plate located at the lesser gap from the obstacle has a great impact on the reduction of drag coefficient and fluctuating values of lift coefficient.

FIGURE 9

FIGURE 10

4.2 Effects of Power-Law Fluids

Figures 11A–F and Figures 12A–F are the velocity profiles for a laminar, incompressible, and transient flow of power-law fluid [41] in a channel with base Reynolds number The velocity profile for power-law fluid in the presence of a circular shape cylinder/obstacle is depicted in Figure 11, whereas Figures 12A–F are the visualization of the impact of the splitter plate on the velocity profile. As discussed earlier in Section 4.1, the fluid bifurcates with a maximum velocity around the cylinder; in this section, the observation is the same. From Figures 12C–F, it can be seen that the splitter plate fitted at various gap separation effects the flow in downstream region as the fluid is separated twice, around the obstacle and splitter plate.

FIGURE 11

FIGURE 12

The pressure profiles are also presented in Figures 13A–F and Figures 14A–F.Figure 13 is showing the pressure profile in the absence of a passive device used in our present study for the control of hydrodynamic forces. The impact of the passive device, a splitter plate on the pressure profile for power-law fluid, is obvious in Figures 14A–C. The pressure is maximum at the stagnation point on the obstacle as shown in Figures 13A–F and Figures 14A–F. However, from Figures 14A–C, the effect of pressure can also be seen on the splitter plate in the downstream flow region for the case when the plate is at some gap separation from the obstacle.

FIGURE 13

FIGURE 14

The main focus of the present study is the control of hydrodynamic forces, and in this section, the results are presented for non-Newtonian power-law fluid. The impact of a passive control device that is a splitter plate placed horizontally in the downstream flow region on the reduction of drag force is wonderful. Table 3 provides a comparison between the maximum and minimum values of drag and lift coefficients. The base Reynolds number during simulations is taken as , and the values are observed during the dimensionless time interval . First of all, results are obtained just for bare cylinder in the channel, that is, in the absence of a splitter plate, the maximum and minimum values of drag coefficient are observed, so that a reliable and convincing analysis can be presented. The maximum value of the drag coefficient is 74.4633982, and the minimum value is 74.4633883.

For a laminar, transient flow of a nonlinear fluid [34], the difference between the maximum and minimum values of drag coefficient is very small. The control over hydrodynamic force, the drag force caused by the circular obstacle by fitting the splitter plate, is proven as a very effective remedy in our research. In the first case, results are obtained for an attached plate of different lengths to the cylinder. The variation in the plate’s length has a noticeable impact on the reduction of the drag coefficient. For a plate of length , the maximum value of drag coefficient is 73.4582187 and the minimum value is 73.4582067. As the length of the plate is taken as twice the diameter of the obstacle, an effective reduction is achieved. The maximum value of the drag coefficient becomes 72.8988970, and the minimum value becomes 72.8988784. On further variation in the length of the plate, few more reduction is observed, that is, for a plate of length , the maximum drag coefficient value is 72.8114310 and the minimum value is 72.8114237.

Although the configuration shown in Figure 1 is good for suppressing the drag force on the obstacle in a channel, the adjustment of the splitter plate depicted in Figure 2 is evidenced by Table 3 as the more efficient strategy for control of drag force for power-law fluid. The gap separation of the splitter plate has a great influence on the minimization of the drag coefficient . The reduction is observed greater for lesser gap separation , which is equal to the diameter of the obstacle , where the maximum and minimum values of drag coefficient of 70.8851264 and 70.8851096 are obtained. By increasing the gap separation such that for , the maximum value of is 70.9095845 and the minimum value is 70.9095759. For the gap separation the results for reduction in the value of are same with a minor difference to the results obtained by using attached plate to the cylinder of length The maximum value of is 73.9484381 and the minimum value is 73.9484178.

5 Conclusion

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