Alan J. Power
Natasha Mead
Lisa Barnes
Usha Goswami- Department of Experimental Psychology, Centre for Neuroscience in Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
An erratum on
Neural entrainment to rhythmically presented auditory, visual and audio-visual speech in children
by Power, A. J., Mead, N., Barnes, L., and Goswami, U. (2012). Front. Psychol. 3:216. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00216
Two inadvertent errors were discovered in Power et al. (2012). The first relates to Figure 3. This figure showed the histograms for one subject and not the whole group. A corrected Figure is included here. Rayleigh statistics carried out on these updated histograms reveal two differences in entrainment compared to the published results:
- Theta activity at Oz in the visual condition, which was previously though not to be entrained, is in fact entrained.
- Delta activity at Oz in the Audio-visual condition, which was previously thought to entrain to the stimulus, does not do so.
Figure 3. Phase distribution at visual stimulus onset at representative frontal and occipital electrodes in each condition and frequency band over ~6900 observations in each plot. Most distributions differed from uniformity when tested against the Rayleigh statistic at a critical p-value of 0.001. Distributions with a superimposed × did not result in significant entrainment.
Therefore, the published data should be adjusted as follows (differing results in bold italics):
A:
Fzδ: Z = 16.72, p < 0.0001. Fzθ: Z = 84.45, p < 0.0001
Ozδ: Z = 11.22, p < 0.0001. Ozθ: Z = 94.11, p < 0.0001
V:
Fzδ: Z = 11.66, p < 0.0001. Fzθ: Z = 2.07, p > 0.05
Ozδ: Z = 41.29, p < 0.0001. Ozθ: Z = 14.91, p < 0.0001
AV:
Fzδ: Z = 9.42, p < 0.001. Fzθ: Z = 92.85, p < 0.0001
Ozδ: Z = 2.45, p > 0.05. Ozθ: Z = 90.62, p < 0.0001
The second error was observed when comparing Total Power in the A and (AV-V) conditions. ANOVA results should be as follows.
Repeated Measures ANOVA (frequency × condition) on Total Power:
- Frequency: F(1, 22) = 261.62, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.922
- Condition: F(1, 22) = 13.76, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.385
- Frequency × Condition: F(1, 22) = 1.42, p > 0.05
Neither of these results effect the overall conclusions of the paper:
- Neural entrainment was demonstrated for all stream types, and individual differences in standardized measures of language processing were related to auditory entrainment at the theta rate.
- There was significant modulation of the preferred phase of auditory entrainment in the theta band when visual speech cues were present.
References
Keywords: entrainment, audio-visual speech perception, rhythm, oscillations, language
Citation: Power AJ, Mead N, Barnes L and Goswami U (2013) Erratum: Neural entrainment to rhythmically-presented auditory, visual and audio-visual speech in children. Front. Psychol. 4:905. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00905
Received: 04 November 2013; Accepted: 15 November 2013;
Published online: 03 December 2013.
Edited by:
Marcela Pena, Catholic University of Chile, ChileCopyright © 2013 Power, Mead, Barnes and Goswami. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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