Exploring Mental Health Professionals' Emotional Responses with Individuals Diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder or Psychopathy: A Scoping Review

Tommaso Boldrini¹Leonardo Zaninotto²Gabriele Lo Buglio^3*Renan Göksal⁴Uyangakhishig Bayasgalan⁴Alice Barsanti⁵Brad D. Booth⁶Nicola Carone⁷Anmar Mighri⁴Alessandro Miola⁴Laura Muzi⁸Vittorio Lingiardi³Marco Solmi⁶

• ¹Pegaso University, Naples, Campania, Italy
• ²Department of Mental Health, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, Padua, Veneto, Italy
• ³Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy
• ⁴University of Padua, Padua, Veneto, Italy
• ⁵Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK ), Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy
• ⁶Ottawa University, Ottawa, Kansas, United States
• ⁷University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Lazio, Italy
• ⁸University of Perugia, Perugia, Umbria, Italy

Aims: To conduct a scoping review of primary research studies on clinicians' emotional responses (i.e., countertransference) when working with individuals with antisocial personality and/or psychopathy traits or disorders. A secondary aim is to map clinicians' personal opinions on managing these individuals clinically, as they can influence clinical decision-making.: A PRISMA-ScR compliant scoping review was conducted. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO/PsycINFO were searched for studies published from 01/01/1990 to 06/12/2023, including clinicians providing clinical care to individuals with antisocial or psychopathy traits or disorders assessed via standardized and validated tools and focusing on their cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses, with no restriction regarding context/location and study design (protocol: https://osf.io/eaquj). Results: Twelve studies were included, mostly from Europe, mainly focusing on clinicians working with individuals with ASPD. Only two studies addressed psychopathy. Key findings were organized into four concepts: (a) "common emotional responses", which included nervousness, fear of aggression, detachment, and frustration experienced by the clinician; (b) "willingness to deliver clinical care", indicating the key role of clinicians' confidence in their perceived knowledge and skills to provide effective psychological treatment and highlighting that clinicians working in forensic mental health settings exhibit a higher motivation to provide clinical care compared to those in non-forensic settings; (c) "emotional responses related to misogynistic behaviors", showing additional challenges for assigned female therapists in group therapy; (d) "opinions about clinical management and therapeutic alliance", emphasizing the crucial role of the clinician's respect, recognition, and flexible yet firm boundaries. Conclusion: Individuals with antisocial and psychopathy traits or disorders pose significant challenges in terms of clinicians' emotional responses, highlighting the need for tailored training and supervision to enhance their competence and confidence. The absence of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials on this subject, along with the limited evidence on psychopathy, warrants for further research.