ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychol.
Sec. Quantitative Psychology and Measurement
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1540500
This article is part of the Research TopicNew Advances in Biomedical Research on Sex, Gender & Gender IncongruenceView all 5 articles
Kiel Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire (KGDQ): Development and Validation of a Questionnaire for Change-Sensitive Assessment of Gender Dysphoria
Provisionally accepted
- Center for Integrative Psychiatry (ZIP), Kiel, Germany
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We developed and evaluated the Kiel Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire (KGDQ), a tool designed to assess distress due to gender incongruence in individuals aged 18 and above with sensitivity to change. The 31 items of the questionnaire were generated through semi-structured guideline interviews with trans* patients (n = 7) and experts (n = 5), which were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Additionally, modified items from other questionnaires and the item collection of a working group were considered. Subsequently, the questionnaire was completed online by gender-dysphoric participants (N = 219). A principal axis analysis revealed a conceptually plausible three-factor structure with the subscales Alienation, Gender Role Pressure, and Body Dysphoria. All subscales demonstrated at least good internal consistency with α ≥.80. A correlational comparison of two testing periods indicated high test-retest reliability (r = .84). The convergent validity with the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale - Gender Spectrum and the divergent validity with the PHQ-9 module of the Patient Health Questionnaire were only partially demonstrated, as the predetermined thresholds were slightly under- (r < .50) or overstepped (r > .40). The assessment of known-groups validity showed expected mean differences. The results suggest that the KGDQ is a reliable and valid instrument for capturing various aspects of gender dysphoria over time.
Keywords: transgender, gender dysphoria, Gender Incongruence, Transsexualism, Mental Health
Received: 19 Dec 2024; Accepted: 08 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Möck, Tödt, Landsberg and Pohl. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Antonia Möck, Center for Integrative Psychiatry (ZIP), Kiel, Germany
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