ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychol.
Sec. Quantitative Psychology and Measurement
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1565267
Psychometric Analysis of the Social Connectedness Instrument
Provisionally accepted
- Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States
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Social connectedness is decreasing, especially among young adults, which poses a significant public mental and physical health threat globally. However, before attempting to improve social connectedness, measurement must first be evaluated. Many previous instruments used to measure loneliness (perceived social disconnectedness) provide a simple measure of intensity (i.e., how lonely/disconnected someone feels) but lack information about specific factors of loneliness and disconnectedness that are potentially modifiable (e.g., social skills, negative thoughts, technology use). The current study aims to address these gaps by evaluating the psychometric properties of the Social Connectedness Instrument (SCI) using a sample of 719 college students (Mage = 19.63, SDage = 1.60, 75% female) attending a mid-Atlantic university. Psychometric evaluation, including exploratory factor analysis, principal component analysis, structural equation modeling, and tests of reliability and validity, was performed on the SCI. The final model of the SCI consists of two latent constructs, Psychoemotional Disconnectedness (PED) and Psychosocial Disconnectedness (PSD), which displayed satisfactory psychometric properties overall. While PED refers to a perception of feeling alone or disconnected due to emotional contributors (e.g., social anxiety, fear of rejection), PSD refers to a perception of feeling alone or disconnected due to social contributors (e.g., social skills, social motivation). An additional eleven single-item indicators of disconnectedness, which were not included in the final model, may be retained for further insight into someone's disconnectedness if brevity is not an issue. This novel instrument is recommended for use when a greater depth of perceived social disconnectedness and potentially modifiable contributors are needed to inform individualized interventions.
Keywords: loneliness1, social connectedness2, social disconnectedness3, psychometric validation4, structural equation modeling5, latent constructs6, Intervention7, young adults8
Received: 22 Jan 2025; Accepted: 20 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Kelley, Fraser, Wells and Ferdock. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Blake Fraser, Liberty University, Lynchburg, 24515, Virginia, United States
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