ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychol.
Sec. Psychology of Language
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1585897
This article is part of the Research TopicRethinking the Embodiment of Language: Challenges and Future HorizonsView all articles
Processing L2 action verbs shares the same mechanisms for processing L1 items: evidence from a combined behavioral and MEG study
Provisionally accepted
Elisa Visani1
Davide Rossi Sebastiano1
Gioacchino Garofalo2,3
Dunja Duran1
Melania Tangorra4
Marco Mezzadri4
Giovanni Buccino3,5*- 1IRCCS Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Lombardy, Italy
- 2University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 3Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Lombardy, Italy
- 4Università di Parma – Dipartimento di Discipline Umanistiche, Sociali e delle Imprese Culturali, Parma, Italy
- 5San Raffaele Hospital (IRCCS), Milan, Lombardy, Italy
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Experimental evidence shows that the sensorimotor system is not only involved in performing actions but also in observing and understanding them, even when verbally described.The involvement of the sensorimotor system in processing action related language material is known as embodiment. Following this approach, language items presented in L1 and L2 should affect motor activity in the same manner.Methods: This study aimed to investigate the involvement of motor system during the processing of L2 items in a combined behavioral and MEG study. Healthy Italian native speakers performed a semantic decision task on hand and foot actions presented by means of pictures or verbs expressed in English as L2.Results: Results showed slower hand reaction times and weaker suppression of Beta band power during the processing of hand-related pictures and verbs, as compared to foot-related pictures and verbs, thus suggesting shared neural mechanisms for semantic processing of visually and verbally presented items.Discussion: This in line with a similar study where Italian verbs were used as language items. However, while no dissimilarity was found in the modulation of the motor system during the processing of verbs presented in L1 and pictures depicting actions in the same category, here, when processing L2 verbs, reaction times were slower than when processing visually presented actions, thus implying an additional cost for processing L2 as compared to L1 verbal items.We argue that these findings support embodiment, in that they can be explained by a similar, although stronger involvement of the sensorimotor system during the processing of L2 verbal items.
Keywords: embodiment, embodided cognition, Magnetoencephalography (MEG), motor system, second language
Received: 01 Mar 2025; Accepted: 22 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Visani, Rossi Sebastiano, Garofalo, Duran, Tangorra, Mezzadri and Buccino. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Giovanni Buccino, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Lombardy, Italy
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