ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychol.
Sec. Educational Psychology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1617765
Teaching and Learning High School Mathematics in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Investigating the Emotion Factor
Provisionally accepted
- 1University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- 2National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Emotions play a pivotal role in learning, particularly in the post COVID-19 era, where online instruction has become increasingly prevalent. However, research on the emotional experiences of high school learners in virtual mathematics classes remains limited. This study introduces the Assessment Online Emotions Questionnaire (AOEQ)-a novel instrument specifically designed to capture the emotional dynamics of 406 10th-grade students (around 15 years old) who participated in online mathematics courses via purposive sampling. The overarching aim is to explore and comprehend the spectrum of emotions experienced by these learners and elucidate the correlation between these emotions and academic performance in mathematics in online environments.Guided by Russell's Circumplex Model of Affect, the AOEQ comprises 14 scales measuring useful, unuseful, and neutral emotions. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed a robust three-dimensional factor structure, confirming the instrument's reliability and validity. The findings demonstrated a significant link between students' emotional states and academic performance in mathematics, underscoring the importance of considering emotional readiness in online learning.By focusing exclusively on 10th-grade students in mathematics, this study addresses a critical gap in the literature. The AOEQ offers an innovative tool for educators and researchers to evaluate and enhance student emotional experiences, ultimately improving learning outcomes in the evolving landscape of post COVID-19 online education.
Keywords: emotional engagement, online mathematics learning, High school education, Post-COVID-19 era, AOEQ Model
Received: 24 Apr 2025; Accepted: 01 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Polydoros and Antoniou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Georgios Polydoros, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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