Substance Abuse Treatment in Nigeria: Applying a Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Framework at MACCARCA

Ezeakunne Mary FrancesHuman-Friedrich Unterrainer^*

• Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Substance abuse continues to pose a significant public health challenge globally, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, where available treatment models often remain fragmented or inadequate. In response, the biopsychosocial-spiritual (BPSS) approach has emerged as a promising evidence-based framework for the holistic treatment of substance use disorders. This paper outlines the theoretical foundation and practical implementation of the BPSS model, drawing from clinical experience at the Mater Christi Counselling and Rehabilitation Centre (MACCARCA) in Amawbia, southeastern Nigeria. Through a detailed case study and discussion of therapeutic strategies - including medical, psychological, social, and spiritual interventions - the study demonstrates how integrative care can address the complex interplay of factors contributing to addiction. The limitations of prevailing traditional and religious treatment practices in Nigeria are also examined, particularly their lack of empirical validation, documentation, and ethical safeguards. The paper concludes by advocating for a culturally adapted but evidence-driven framework, suggesting that the BPSS model offers a viable and effective path in substance abuse rehabilitation, especially within resource-constrained and spiritually sensitive contexts.