ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychol.
Sec. Cognition
This article is part of the Research TopicCognitive Mechanisms Underpinning Pro-Social Behavior Across CulturesView all 13 articles
Inter-group Trade-off Between Intentions and Outcomes in Children's Forgiveness
Provisionally accepted
- 1Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- 2Changji University, Changji, China
- 3Urumqi Hongqi Kindergarten, Urumqi, China
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Forgiveness plays a vital role in establishing and repairing interpersonal relationships, serving as an indispensable component in the harmonious functioning of human society. In the complex group dynamics, children frequently weigh a transgressor's intentions against the outcomes of transgressions when deciding whether to forgive. Experiment 1 involved 178 children aged 4–6 years (M = 5.08, SD = 0.82) and examined differences in forgiveness under conditions of varying intentions (unintentional vs. intentional) and outcomes (positive vs. negative). Experiment 2 introduced inter-group relations (in-group vs. out-group) and recruited 195 children (M = 4.88, SD = 0.80) to investigate how intention and outcome are weighed in forgiveness across different inter-group relations. The results indicate that: (1) Children are capable of recognizing a transgressor's intention and show more forgiveness to unintentional transgressors compared to intentional ones; (2) Children show more forgiveness to unintentional transgressors who cause negative outcomes than intentional transgressors who yield positive outcomes; (3) When an in-group member commits a transgression, children tend to consider intentions, whereas when an out-group member transgresses, they focus more on the outcomes. In conclusion, this suggests that forgiveness in children involves the integration of multiple factors, which also paves the way for examining how collectivist cultures shape early social-cognitive development.
Keywords: Children, Forgiveness, Intention, Outcome, inter-group relation, moral judgment, collectivism
Received: 08 Oct 2025; Accepted: 27 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yang, Wang, Zhang, Ma and Cheng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Xiulan Cheng
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