Synthesis of MgNiO2/CoNC-Based Ternary Metallic Dual-Active Interfacial Porous Hollow Nanocages as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Bi-Functional Electrocatalysts

Introduction

Owing to increasing energy demands, renewable energy storage and conversion technologies, such as fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and water splitting, are drawing considerable attention due to their theoretically high energy densities and affordable environmental features (Lee et al., 2015; Fu et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2019a; Hu et al. (2020)). The metal−air rechargeable batteries, therein, have become an emerging research hotspot for their intriguing advantages of environmental friendliness, low cost, and safety. However, the reaction cycles of bifunctional electrocatalysts with durability and activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) need to be expedited, which severely impedes the metal-air battery technologies potential to be applied in practice. This has therefore motivated extensive amounts of research on exploiting low-cost catalysts with high activity to simultaneously accelerate these reactions (Chen et al., 2016; Li and Lu, 2017; Tiwari et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Cano et al., 2018; Hegde et al., 2020). In the past decade, precious metals and their corresponding composites have been manifested to possess superior electrochemical activity. For example, Pt-based materials have been widely used for ORR, while Ir- and Ru- based materials are well-known as the most popular OER catalysts. However, all of the aforementioned catalysts rarely possess satisfactory ORR and OER activities simultaneously. Additionally, they are also restricted by their excessive cost and deficient stability (Dai et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019). Thus, making extensive studies to seek alternative catalysts based on non-precious metals with rich resource, low cost, and comparable electrocatalytic activity for both ORR and OER is urgent (Jahan et al., 2013; Shi and Zhang, 2016; Zhu et al., 2019b; Gao et al. 2017).

In recent decades, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been considered as potential materials in many applications because of their diverse component and structural features (Hirai et al., 2011; Callejas et al., 2014; Tan et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2017; Bai et al., 2018). Recently, outperforming OER catalysts derived from cobalt-based MOFs have been extensively studied because of their excellent electron transfer and plentiful active components. For instance, the derived materials from the classic Co-based MOF (ZIF-67) proved to have excellent OER activities in alkaline conditions, which is derived from their sufficient accessibility to catalytic centers, resulting in rapid diffusion of oxygen species and electrolytes (Morales et al., 2014; Bai et al., 2019). However, metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts calcined by pristine ZIF-67 commonly have only moderate performance toward ORR, which limited their applications as cathodes on metal-air batteries. On the contrary, non-precious metal oxide (MeO, with Me = Ni, Co, Fe, etc.) catalysts have been regarded as one of the most significant candidates for ORR (Lee et al., 2011a; Lee et al., 2011b; Lu et al., 2017; Song et al., 2019). Therefore, some ingenious integration of MeO and ZIF-67 can synergistically electrocatalyze ORR and OER to serve as a bi-functional catalyst (Chen et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2014; Huo et al., 2019; Zhang and Lou 2014).

Herein, we demonstrate an innovative approach for the general and feasible synthesis of multi-compositional MgNiO₂/CoNC porous hollow nanocages via MOF-templated reactions as a high performance bi-functional catalyst toward ORR and OER, of which some facile steps mainly involve solvothermal coating of MgNiO₂ on ZIF-67 to form porous hollow nanocage structures, followed by thermal annealing in argon.

Experimental

Synthesis of ZIF-67 Single Nanocrystals

ZIF-67 was synthesized according to a reported method (Yu et al., 2015). Specially, 1.0 mmol cobalt nitrate hexahydrate 4.0 mmol 2-methylimidazole was dissolved in 25.0 ml methanol. These two solutions were then mixed and incubated for 24 h at room temperature. The obtained product was harvested by several centrifugal washing cycles and dried overnight in vacuum at 60°C (Sun et al., 2013).

Synthesis of Porous MgNiO₂/CoNC and NiO₂/CoNC Hollow Nanocages

40.0 mg of the prepared ZIF-67 powder was transferred into a 100.0 ml round bottom flask containing 80.0 mg nickel nitrate, 80.0 mg magnesium nitrate, and 40.0 ml absolute ethanol. The mixture was then heated to 90°C for 1 h in a water bath. The greenish product, named MgNiO₂/ZIF-67, was collected by several centrifugal washes with absolute ethanol and vacuum dried overnight at 60°C. The obtained product was subsequently calcined at 350°C in argon for 2 h with a heating rate of 2°C min⁻¹ to finally produce MgNiO₂/CoNC.

For comparison, NiO₂/CoNC hollow nanocages were also prepared through the same procedure as described above, except the Mg source was absent.

Results and Discussion

In this work, porous MgNiO₂/CoNC hollow nanocages were successfully synthesized through MOF-templated reactions, and explored as a high performance bi-functional catalyst. As illustrated in Scheme 1 during the preparation, first, a cation exchange process was employed. In particular, well-defined ZIF-67 polyhedra assembled by a modified method (see in experimental section) were homogenously dispersed into the ethanol solution in the presence of acertain amount of Ni(NO₃)₂ and Mg(NO₃)₂. After a period of heating at 90°C, protons produced by the hydrolysis of Mg²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions gradually corroded the ZIF-67 templates to release Co²⁺ ions, which were then partially oxidized by the nitrate ions and oxygen molecules in the solvothermal system and subsequently coprecipitated with Mg²⁺ and Ni²⁺ to assemble the MgNiCo/ZIF-67 shells (Hu et al., 2015). Afterwards, pyrolysis was employed to further convert the MgNiCo/ZIF-67 into porous hollow nanocage architectures with appealing shells of dual primary active sites. The ORR active site was composed of MgNiO₂ pyrolyzed from MgNiCo and the OER active site was attributable to Co species, signified as CoNC, pyrolyzed from both the above MgNiCo component and the residual ZIF-67 template.

SCHEME 1

SCHEME 1. llustration of the formation process of porous MgNiO₂/CoNC hollow nanocages: (I) the formation of MgNiO₂/ZIF-67 hollow nanocage structures by heating at 90°C for 1 h; (II) the growth of porous MgNiO₂/CoNC hollow nanocages by annealing MgNiO₂/ZIF-67 hollow nanocage structures in Ar flow.

The morphology and microstructure of both the target products, the benchmarks, and the intermediate species formed at each step are presented in Figure 1. As revealed by FESEM, the average size of the ZIF-67 precursors is about 600 nm with defined dodecahedral structures and a smooth surface (Figures 1A,B). TEM suggests that ZIF-67 particles are dense and have a polyhedral morphology with high uniformity (Figures 1C,D). After the reaction in the ethanol solution of Ni(NO₃)₂ and subsequent pyrolysis, NiO₂/CoNC particles were produced as the control group. FESEM images show that the sample has the same morphology with the MOFs precursors but the surface was more folded (Figures 1E,F). As characterized by TEM, NiO₂/CoNC particles become hollow nanocages (Figure 1G) with ultrathin shells (Figure 1H). Figures 1I–L show the FESEM and TEM images of the obtained MgNiO₂/CoNC nanoparticles. As revealed by FESEM, the prepared products also have the same morphology as ZIF-67 (Figures 1I,J). The TEM images show that the sample maintained the morphology of non-aggregate dodecahedrons, as shown in Figure 1K. FESEM (Figures 1I,J) and TEM (Figures 1K,L) reveal that the obtained MgNiO₂/CoNC possess porous hollow dodecahedron nanocage structures and the average particle size is ∼500 nm. It is worth mentioning that the electron microscopy images also identified the good structural stability of ultrathin MgNiO₂/CoNC shells, which can be robust enough to withstand annealing up to 350°C. Benefiting from this pyrolysis process, the porous surface and embedded nanoparticles were formed by the recrystallization and the gas molecules spilling out. In addition, from the nitrogen adsorption-desorption test, we can conclude that the MgNiO₂/CoNC catalyst and the contrast experiments NiO₂/CoNC and ZIF-67 are all mesoporous (Supplementary Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. FESEM and TEM characterizations of samples, ZIF-67 (A–D), NiO₂/CoNC (E–H), MgNiO₂/CoNC (I-L).

In order to study the components and architectures of the MgNiO₂/CoNC shell, a series of subsequent characterizations were performed. The PXRD pattern in Figure 2A with five peaks at 37.1, 43.1, 62.6, 75.0, and 78.9° are well matched with the characteristics crystal planes (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) of MgNiO_2, respectively (Rodrigues et al., 2016). This is due to the diffusion of Ni²⁺ ions into an MgO lattice, which might be a result of the high temperature calcination step. In addition, the weaker characteristic peaks of cobalt can be also observed at 44.1, 51.8, and 76.0^o, because the amount of cobalt on the surface is relatively small, which served as active components during the OER process. The HR-TEM image of MgNiO₂/CoNC (Supplementary Figure 3) shows the lattice spacings of 0.210 and 0.243 nm, corresponding to the (200) and (111) planes of MgNiO₂, respectively, with the 0.205 nm corresponding to the (111) planes of Co. There is Co-N species in the XPS of N1s (Chao et al., 2016), and there are also amorphous active sites in the catalyst (Supplementary Figure 2).

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. XRD patterns (A) XPS (B–D) and of the MgNiO₂/CoNC.

The high-resolution XPS spectrum of Ni 2p, Mg 1s, and Co 2p are given in Figures 2B–D. The Ni 2p spectrum displays two spin-orbit doublets (Ni²⁺ and Ni³⁺) as well as their satellites (Figure 2B). Mg 1s can be fitted to a single contribution at 1,303.0 eV, which can be assigned to MgO derived from the MgNiO₂ structure from Figure 2C. As shown in the Co 2p curve (Figure 2D), the peaks at 797 and 782 eV can be assigned to Co 2p_3/2 and Co 2p_1/2. The Co 2p spectrum shows the presence of Co 2p_3/2 and Co 2p_1/2 peaks. The peaks at 780.5 and 781.8 eV are attributed to Co³⁺ and Co²⁺ of Co 2p_3/2, and a Co²⁺ satellite located at 786.3 eV (Ma et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014; Bai et al., 2016; Elizabetha et al., 2017).

The elemental composition and distribution information of the porous MgNiO₂/CoNC hollow nanocages are further studied (Figure 3). The elemental mapping images manifest that O, N, Co, Ni, and Mg are dispersed uniformly throughout the inside region and are richest at the edge. These results further verified that the shell mainly consists of Co species intimately contacted with MgNiO_2, and verified, the successful formation of the porous and hollow dodecahedron nanocages.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. HAADF-STEM image of an individual MgNiO₂/CoNC and the corresponding elemental mapping.

The hollow cage architectures of the catalysts not only exposed the Co-based active sites on the shell surface of the catalyst, but also significantly expedited the mass transfer between the electrolyte and the catalyst owing to the abundant porosity of the shell, thereby being favorable for electrocatalytic reactions. Moreover, the elemental mapping results indicate that Ni and Mg are distributed uniformly throughout the shell. These results demonstrate that the components in MgNiO₂ are seamlessly integrated at the nano scale. As far as we know, the strategy of designing and assembling hollow nanocages with dual components and ternary metals by annealing modified ZIF-67 crystals has not been widely reported before.

The electrochemical performance of the MgNiO₂/CoNC hybrid material was studied in alkaline solution to verify the expected synergistic effects from the dual component shell of MgNiO₂ and CoNC, by employing a typical system with a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode and Pt foil as the counter electrode in a three electrode system in N₂-saturated 0.1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte at a scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹ (Hu et al., 2015). As shown in Figure 4A, all three curves tested in the O₂-saturated KOH electrolyte revealed obvious oxygen reduction peaks, which cannot be observed in an N₂-saturated electrolyte. Moreover, a higher peak current density of 0.59 V vs. RHE for MgNiO₂/CoNC than NiO₂/CoNC and ZIF-67 were shown. The linear scan voltammogram (LSV) curves in Figure 4B obtained at 1,600 rpm were used to compare the ORR catalytic activity of the MgNiO₂/CoNC, NiO₂/CoNC, and ZIF-67. The hybrid MgNiO₂/CoNC also shows a higher onset potential, half-wave potential, and limiting current of about 0.80, 0.70 V vs. RHE, and 5.2 mA/cm², respectively, than those of the NiO₂/CoNC and ZIF-67 as ORR catalysts. It is worthy to mention that, among all the catalysts above, the enhanced performances of MgNiO₂/CoNC further emphasized the significance of the multicomponent co-existence, especially Mg, for promoting ORR. To reveal the ORR kinetics of the MgNiO₂/CoNC, the LSV curves for the ORR on the electrode recorded at different speeds are displayed under 0.1 M KOH. As shown in Figure 4C, the current density is gradually enhanced at different rotation rates from 400 to 2,025 rpm at the scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹ due to facilitating the diffusion of electrolytes. The linearity of the Koutecky–Levich plots (Figure 4C inset) and near the fitting lines indicate first-order reaction kinetics toward the concentration of dissolved oxygen and similar electron transfer numbers for ORR at different potentials (Liang et al., 2011). Figure 4D displays the LSV curves of the MgNiO₂/CoNC measured at first and 1,000th potential cycles, which revealed that the current density of the MgNiO₂/CoNC only decreased a little after 1,000 cycles. These results indicate that the MgNiO₂/CoNC catalyst possesses a high stability in the ORR process.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. CVs of MgNiO₂/CoNC (Ⅰ), NiO₂/CoNC (Ⅱ), and ZIF-67 (Ⅲ) in an O₂- and N₂-saturated in 0.1 M KOH solution (A), Electrochemical characterizations of ORR polarization curves of MgNiO₂/CoNC (Ⅰ), NiO₂/CoNC (Ⅱ), and ZIF-67 (Ⅲ) at 1,600 rpm (B), ORR polarization curves of the MgNiO₂/CoNC catalyst at different rotating speeds (C), ORR stability test of the MgNiO₂/CoNC catalyst before and after 1,000 cycles of CV (D), Polarization curves of the three electrodes at 1,600 rpm in N₂-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution of MgNiO₂/CoNC (Ⅰ), NiO₂/CoNC (Ⅱ), and ZIF-67 (Ⅲ) (E), Comparative OER activities of the MgNiO₂/CoNC catalyst before and after 1,000 cycles of CV (F).

The OER during the charging process of rechargeable metal-air batteries is regarded as the counterpart of ORR for the overall process. To evaluate the OER catalytic activity of the catalysts, we conducted LSV measurements on the MgNiO₂/CoNC, NiO₂/CoNC, and ZIF-67 in N₂-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution at 1,600 rpm at a scan rate of 5 mV S⁻¹. Figure 4E shows the onset potential of ∼1.52 V vs. RHE and the rapidly increased anodic current above ∼1.8 V associated with OER. It is manifested that MgNiO₂/CoNC shows better OER activity than NiO₂/CoNC and ZIF-67. Subsequently, we performed the stability test for the MgNiO₂/CoNC catalyst in N₂-saturated 0.1 M KOH. As shown in Figure 4F, the LSV curves of the MgNiO₂/CoNC measured in first and 1,000th potential cycles manifested that the current density decreased a little after 1,000 cycles. The result indicates that the MgNiO₂/CoNC catalyst exhibits a decent durability in the OER process.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was further performed to provide insight into the kinetics of electrode reactions. As shown in Supplementary Figure 4, the diameter of the semicircle for MgNiO₂/CoNC is smaller than those for NiO₂/CoNC and ZIF-67. The solution resistance Rs and charge-transfer resistance Rct are also related to the electrocatalytic kinetics and a higher value corresponds to a slower reaction rate (Jin et al., 2015). Therefore, the MgNiO₂/CoNC has a higher reaction rate.

To gain insight into the intrinsic activity of the catalysts, we measured the double-layer capacitances (C_dl) to estimate the electrocatalytic active surface areas (ECSA) (Ren et al., 2019) and further normalized the geometric current density to the corresponding ECSA. As shown in Supplementary Figure 5, the MgNiO₂/CoNC has the biggest C_dl, thus the highest catalytically relevant surface area, which could be mainly attributable to the porous structure and more exposed active sites.

Conclusion

Herein, we demonstrate an innovatively facile approach for the effective synthesis of dual-component and ternary metallic MgNiO₂/CoNC porous hollow nanocages via MOF-templated reactions for use as a high performance bi-functional catalyst. In brief, this strategy mainly involves the preparation of MgNiO₂/ZIF-67 porous hollow nanocages and subsequent thermal annealing in argon. The combination of MgNiO₂ and Co species on the outer/inner surface of the shell integrates the OER and ORR catalytic performances of the two active components into one nanostructure to exhibit an expected decent synergetic effect. Moreover, with the introduction of magnesium, the possible synergetic effects between each metal toward the ORR and OER catalytic activities further enhanced at low potentials, which is comparable with, or even better than, some top-performing bifunctional catalysts. This work may also offer perspectives for well-designed multi-component hollow nano-architectures with excellent properties for non-noble metal ORR/OER bifunctional cathodic electrocatalysts with great potential for use in rechargeable metal-air batteries (Rosen et al., 2013).

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Author Contributions

All of the authors made equal contributions for this article.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51922008, 51872075 and 21908045), the 111 Project (Grant No. D17007), Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists (Grant No. GZS2018003), and Talent postdoctoral program for Henan province (Grant No. ZYQR201810170).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2020.543180/full#supplementary-material

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