Change of Direction Speed Tests in Basketball Players: A Brief Review of Test Varieties and Recent Trends
Takashi Sugiyama
Sumiaki Maeo
Toshiyuki Kurihara
Hiroaki Kanehisa1 
Tadao Isaka- 1Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
- 2Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
Change of direction speed (CODS) is essential for basketball performance, extensively assessed by various tests. This review aimed to summarize the CODS test varieties for basketball players on publications until 2019 and identify recent trends regarding what types of tests have gained attention in the 2010s. Electronic literature searches were conducted using three databases with relevant keywords. 104 studies were found eligible, conducting CODS tests 159 times in total with 48 test varieties. To facilitate distinctions between the tests, each test was categorized into one of three types based on the distinctive movement characteristics and changing angles as follows: Defensive (involving lateral shuffling), 180°-turn (exerting only 180°-turns), and Cutting (performing diagonal- or side-cut). We then counted the number of publications and adopted times reported per year for each test, and calculated the adoption rate for each categorized test type. The first CODS test performed in basketball players was the T-Test, reported in 1991, and this was the most commonly adopted test (44/159 times). The 2010s saw abrupt increases in the number of publications (1990s-2000s-2010s: 5-9-90) and test varieties (4-7-44). The adoption rates in the 2010s were similar among the three types (i.e., Defensive/180°-turn/Cutting: 37%/30%/33%), with the Cutting type gradually increasing over the last three decades (1990s-2000s-2010s: 0%-9%-33%). These results suggest that while CODS performances in basketball players are increasingly studied with various tests, recent studies give equal weight to all of the three categorized test types, with increasing adoption of the Cutting type, to assess specific CODS performances.
Introduction
Change of direction speed (CODS) is a determinant of athletic performance in various sport events (Sheppard and Young, 2006; Spiteri et al., 2014). This is also true for basketball, in which the players are repeatedly required to perform rapid accelerations and decelerations with sudden changes in directions in the small playing area (Scanlan et al., 2014a) compared to outfield sports such as soccer. Indeed, elite male and female basketball players have been shown to change movement types every 1-3 seconds during a game (Abdelkrim et al., 2007; Conte et al., 2015; Scanlan et al., 2015b). Thus, high CODS performance is considered a particularly critical physical demand in basketball players (Spiteri et al., 2015a; Stojanović et al., 2019a).
The CODS performance in basketball players has been evaluated by various tests. One of the most typical CODS tests adopted in basketball is the T-Test (Figure 1). This test is designed to evaluate the performance of multiple movements, specifically characterized as involving defensive maneuvers (i.e., lateral shuffling and backpedaling) similar to basic basketball movements (Jakovljević et al., 2012; Stojanović et al., 2019a). Another CODS test in basketball is the Suicide-run (also known as Line-drill), which consists of four consecutive shuttle sprints with turns in 180° on a basketball court (running almost 140 m in total) (Carvalho et al., 2017; Doma et al., 2018), simulating a game-related motion at the transition between offensive and defensive actions. In these tests, examinees sprint a pre-determined course without reacting to external stimuli. On the other hand, reactive tests (Figure 2) requiring decision-making regarding the subsequent movement direction have been gaining attention since the early 2000s because such tests are thought to assess cognitive function, a determinant of performance in invasion sports (Young et al., 2002, 2015; Sheppard and Young, 2006) including basketball (Scanlan et al., 2014b). Moreover, studies in the 2010s suggested that strength and conditioning coaches should consider sport-specific “stop-and-go” scenarios, which are more frequent in small courts sports, when selecting CODS tests (Serpell et al., 2010; Sekulic et al., 2014). Taking these aspects into account, various types of CODS tests may well have been developed and implemented. However, it is unclear how many and what types/varieties of tests have been used to evaluate CODS performance in basketball players.
Figure 1. The procedure of the T-Test. The subjects perform i) forward sprinting from (A) to (B), ii) lateral shuffling to the left from (B) to (C), iii) lateral shuffling to the right from (C) to (D), iv) lateral shuffling to the left from (D) to (B), and v) backpedaling to the finish-position from (B) to (A). The CODS performance is assessed by time to complete the task (i-v).
Figure 2. The typical protocol of a reactive test. This test requires decision-making in response to external stimuli before subjects change their direction. They run forward from the start line/gate to the trigger line/gate, at which point the light at the finish line/gate on either the right or left illuminates. The subjects must cut and sprint to the right or left finish line/gate depending on which light is illuminated. The performance is evaluated by the whole time (start-finish) and the time after the stimuli (trigger-finish).
Several studies have already reviewed physical requirements in basketball including CODS performance, e.g., discussing the use of the T-Test and 505 (Ziv and Lidor, 2009; Wen et al., 2018; Mancha-Triguero et al., 2019), but only limited test varieties have been covered despite various other evaluation tests used. There also has been no review article solely focusing on CODS tests applied for basketball players. The rule changes of basketball in 2000 are suggested to have made competitive games faster and activity intensities during a match higher than before (Abdelkrim et al., 2007). This tempted us to assume that the development of new CODS tests might have been prompted to more precisely examine the CODS performances of basketball following the rule changes. Thus, the current brief review aimed to summarize the varieties of the CODS tests adopted for basketball players on publications until 2019, and identify recent trends regarding what types of tests have gained attention in the 2010s. To this end, we first identified all individual CODS tests and then classified them into three types based on their distinctive movements often seen in basketball games. A comprehensive examination of the CODS tests adopted in basketball would provide useful information for basketball players and their strength and conditioning coaches to select tests fit for the purpose to evaluate the CODS performance of the players.
Materials and Methods
Literature Search Strategy
Electronic database searches were performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus in the title/abstract with keywords relating to CODS tests for basketball players. The search in the Web of Science was also conducted in keywords and Sports Sciences field. The last search was performed in January 2020 on publications until the end of 2019. A search formula included the following terms: (“change of direction” OR “changes of direction” OR agility OR “cutting maneuver” OR “cuts maneuver” OR turn OR turns OR turning OR step OR steps OR stepping OR start OR stop OR stops OR stopping OR swerve OR footwork OR braking OR “breaking ability” OR “cross step” OR “cross stepping” OR “lateral cutting” OR “lateral cut” OR “side step” OR “sidestep” OR “side stepping” OR avoid* OR “avoidance movement” OR “avoidance strategy” OR “repeated sprint ability” OR “change of pace” OR fake OR juke OR “juke action” OR curve OR shuffling) AND (test OR dill) AND (basketball).
Screening and Eligibility Criteria
The selection of studies was carried out through three consecutive screening phases. In the first phase, duplicated literature was removed. In the second phase, relevant articles based on the title/abstract were assessed with inclusion criteria. Finally, exclusion criteria were used to assess the eligibility of full-text articles. This review incorporated articles if they fulfilled all of the following inclusion criteria: (a) written in English, (b) subjects included basketball players, and (c) implemented a CODS/agility test. This study excluded the articles accepted in the second phase if they did not meet any of the following criteria: (a) research with full-text published in English, (b) implementation of the test involved at least one change of direction without dribbling (as it assesses dribble skills), (c) the test was completed in less than 40 s and 140 m (i.e., the Suicide run was included but the Yo-Yo test was excluded) and evaluated by the sprint time, speed, or the number of repeated times, (d) the CODS test was conducted without a rest or jog during the test (i.e., intermittent types were excluded), (e) the procedure and content of the test included clear explanation (in figure and/or text or with a reference accessible via internet), (f) subjects were ≥12 and ≤65 years old to be considered as basketball players (i.e., studies on only elementary school students or older adults who participated in the masters games were excluded), (g) information about the results was sufficiently clear, and (h) data for basketball players could be identified/extracted from other sports players.
Categorization and Chronological Classification of the Tests
Firstly, the contents and individual names of the selected CODS tests were identified. For some tests, researchers have used different names when referring to the same content (e.g., T-Test vs. T-test agility vs. agility T-test). In such cases, we used the most common name (e.g., T-Test). In contrast, some tests have been named the same even though the contents such as running distance were slightly different. In these cases, we re-named each test based on its content (e.g., 5 m*2-shuttle vs. 7.5 m*2-shuttle, which had been both named 180°-COD in previous studies). To facilitate a distinction between test types, we categorized individual CODS tests into one of three types as follows exclusively in this order; (a) Defensive: involving lateral movement with/without backpedaling, (b) 180°-turn: exerting only 180°- turns, and (c) Cutting: performing diagonal- or side-cut with/without 180°- turns. These distinctive movements (Jakovljević et al., 2012; Stojanović et al., 2019a) and angles of turns/cuts (Carvalho et al., 2011; McCormick et al., 2014; Gonzalo-Skok et al., 2015; Spiteri et al., 2015a) are considered the basic motions in basketball.
Additionally, in each of the three categorized test types, individual tests were further subcategorized into either a pre-planned type (i.e., performing a change of direction without reacting to external stimuli) or a reactive type (i.e., requiring decision-making regarding the subsequent movement direction). The number of studies, individual test varieties, their categorized types, and subcategorized types were counted on a yearly basis, and are summarized at 5-year intervals in Table 1 (for detailed information) and shown at 10-year intervals in Figures 3, 4 (for ease of visual interpretation). A test was counted only once within the same study no matter how many times it was conducted (e.g., for reliability measurement purposes). Finally, the adoption rate (%) of each test type was calculated in the three categorized types (i.e., defensive vs. 180°-turn vs. cutting), as well as in the two subcategorized types (i.e., pre-planned vs. reactive), by dividing the number of each test type by the total number.
Table 1. A list of CODS tests in basketball players and their numbers adopted from 1990 to 2019 shown at every five-year interval.
Figure 3. The numbers of studies and test varieties assessing CODS in basketball players shown at ten-year intervals.
Figure 4. The adoption rate of each test type (bar graph/left-axis) and the total number of tests conducted (line graph/right-axis) for the three categorized types (defensive vs. 180°-turn vs. cutting: (A) and the two subcategorized types (pre-planned vs. reactive: (B) shown at ten-year-intervals. Note that reactive types were only used in the cutting type in 2000s and 2010s (detailed in Table 1).
Results
Number of Studies and Test Varieties
A total of 798 studies was initially retrieved, and then finally, 104 pieces of literature conducting at least one CODS test were selected in the light of inclusion/exclusion criteria. The CODS tests were conducted 159 times in total, with 48 test varieties in the last three decades (Table 1). From 1990 to 1999, the number of studies examining CODS was five, with every study adopting only one test (Figure 3). The number of studies adopting more than one test has increased since 2000s, and some studies have adopted three or more tests since 2010s.
The first CODS evaluation in basketball players was reported in 1991 and conducted by the T-Test, belonging to the Defensive type, which also was the most commonly adopted individual test until 2019 (44/159 times, Table 1). From 1990 to 2004 (early 15 years), only the Defensive and 180°-turn types were adopted and then Cutting type emerged in the late 2000s. The numbers of studies and test varieties explosively increased in the 2010s (Figure 3). The reactive type has been used since the late 2000s, but exclusively in the Cutting type (Table 1).
Adoption Rate of Each Test Type
Based on the three categorized types, the 180°-turn type (60%) was often used in the 1990s compared to the Defensive type (40%) with no adoption of the Cutting type (0%) (Figure 4A). In the 2000s, the Cutting type was used but only in one study (9%), not affecting the dominance of the 180°-turn type (55%) followed by the Defensive type (36%). The most recent adoption rate in the 2010s noticeably changed from the previous two decades, with the Cutting type (33%) comparable to the 180°-turn (30%) and Defensive types (37%), each accounting for ~one-third of their sum (Figure 4A). From the viewpoint of the subcategories, the adoption rate of the reactive vs. pre-planned type within the Cutting type in the 2000s was 100 vs. 0% (but the former was used only once), and that in the 2010s was 34 vs. 66% (16 vs. 31 times) (Figure 4B).
Discussion
The main findings obtained here were that (1) the CODS tests were conducted with 48 test varieties from 1991 to 2019, with abrupt increases in their varieties after 2010, (2) in the last decade, each of the Defensive, 180°-turn, and Cutting types had similar adoption rates (each about one-third of their sum), and (3) the T-Test was the first and most commonly conducted individual CODS test.
The number of CODS test varieties in basketball players abruptly increased after 2010 (Figure 3). In fact, only four and seven test varieties were adopted in the 1990s and 2000s, respectively, while it creased to 44 in the 2010s (Figure 3). The increased test varieties may be at least partly attributed to the changes in the rules and game tactics of basketball. In 2000, International Basketball Federation shortened the time for the shot clock violation from 30 to 24 s and the time for the backcourt violation from 10 to 8 s (BASKETREF.COM: Rules History 2000-2010, Rules, n.d.). These changes are suggested to have made the games faster and necessitated the players to change direction more often than before (Abdelkrim et al., 2007). From a tactical point of view, the number of attempted three-point shots per game, particularly from > 30 feet away from the goal (Figure 5) (Cheema, 2019), has been increasing year by year in the National Basketball Association League (NBA) (Shea, n.d.). Consequently, defensive players are required to move more widely and quickly to interfere with the movement of the offensive players, which often results in giving up space for the other opponents to cut into. Such changes in the expanded playing area for both offensive and defensive players, as well as increased playing intensity during a game, might have been a factor yielding the diversity in the tests. To support this, CODS tests involving cutting maneuvers to various directions, belonging to the Cutting type, have been used only recently (since the late 2000s, Table 1). Moreover, new CODS tests may have been developed by researchers with the help of accumulating sports science knowledge, as can be seen from the increasing number of publications and varieties of CODS tests in basketball (Figure 3) and likely in other sports as well (Serpell et al., 2010), in an effort to specifically evaluate the multi-faced CODS performances. Thus, the CODS test varieties may have been increased with the progress of sports science knowledge in order for coaches/researchers to better assess players' physical demands, which have been updated with changes in basketball rules and tactics.
Figure 5. Shift in the number of attempted three-point shots from > 30 feet away from the basket goal in NBA (Cheema, 2019), reprinted with the author's permission.
The present study classified the 48 test varieties into three types based on the basketball-related movements to summarize the test types and recent trends. While there has been a sharp increase in the number of the conducted CODS tests and varieties in the last decade, the adoption rate was similar among the three test types, each composing about one-third of the sum (Figure 4). This may be because the content of each test type reflects a distinctive change of direction movement required in basketball. More specifically, the Defensive type involves lateral shuffling, which is one of the basic defensive movements in basketball (McCormick et al., 2014). The 180°-turn type well represents switching between offense and defense (Carvalho et al., 2011). The Cutting type replicates offensive movement patterns of cutting to diagonal or side directions (Gonzalo-Skok et al., 2015; Spiteri et al., 2015a), such as when eluding their opponent, which have been recently gaining attention as discussed earlier. It is worth noting that sprint speed together with eccentric leg muscle strength explained 67% of the inter-individual variance in the 505-test (180°-turn) performance (Jones et al., 2009). More interestingly, the combination of eccentric leg muscle strength and cognitive function, but not sprint speed, was selected as a strong predictor (70%) of the T-Test (Defensive) performance (Naylor and Greig, 2015). These may be because both tests involve “stop-and-go” scenarios, therefore requiring high eccentric leg muscle strength to decelerate, with the cognitive function rather than sprint speed likely playing some role in conducting complex defensive maneuvers in the T-Test. For the pre-planned Cutting type, kinematic and kinetic parameters during the task are reported to be associated with the V-shaped-cut test performance (Marshall et al., 2014), suggesting the importance of body control and skills. It is also worth mentioning that the cognitive function alone, with no additional contribution of other factors, explained 29% of the Reactive-Y-shaped test (reactive Cutting type, discussed later) performance (Naylor and Greig, 2015). Collectively, these findings suggest that different CODS tests (types) can evaluate different aspects of CODS performance. Importantly, there is currently no single test that fulfills all of the above-mentioned basketball-related movements (in either a reactive or pre-planned scenario) to assess various CODS performances. For strength and conditioning coaches, therefore, it is reasonable to select multiple tests from different perspectives (e.g., from each of the three types categorized in this study) based on the test contents and CODS performance of interest.
On an individual test basis, the T-Test was firstly and most frequently used in basketball from 1991 to 2019 (44/159 times, Table 1). This may be attributed to the following reasons. The T-Test involves several movements starting with forward sprinting (acceleration) and rapid deceleration, lateral shuffling, and then backpedaling, all of which are often seen in basketball (Jakovljević et al., 2012; Stojanović et al., 2019a). The reliability and validity of the T-Test have also been confirmed (Pauole et al., 2000). Furthermore, there is an advantage that the obtained data of this test can be compared to those of many previous studies on basketball players (see Table 1). Thus, the T-Test can be considered as the standard, albeit not fully comprehensive (as discussed above), CODS test in basketball.
Basketball players are often required to change direction in response to the opponents' movement direction (i.e., in a reactive manner) (Spiteri et al., 2014). It is reported that a reactive, but not pre-planned, CODS test revealed a better performance for semi-professional than amateur players (Lockie et al., 2014b) and regular than non-regular players (Scanlan et al., 2015a). This suggests that the performance assessed by reactive type tests depends more on cognitive function than physical factors (Naylor and Greig, 2015; Scanlan et al., 2015a). Such findings highlight the usefulness of reactive type tests in assessing CODS performance reflecting cognitive functions, which are essential for athletes to gain an advantage during a competitive game (Young et al., 2002, 2015; Sheppard and Young, 2006). Interestingly, the reactive type was found to be used in basketball from the late 2000s but only in the Cutting type so far (Table 1). Furthermore, its adoption rates in the 2010s was lower than the pre-planned type (34 vs. 66%, Figure 4B). The low prevalence of the reactive type (17/159 times in all tests: 11%) in basketball may be simply because this kind of test is relatively new, but also because it takes greater time/effort to set up a measurement system compared to the pre-planned type. Nevertheless, considering the potential benefit of the reactive type in assessing CODS performance with cognitive functions, future studies are expected to adopt/develop reactive type tests more often than before in not only the Cutting type but also Defensive and 180°-turn types.
Limitations
This review has some limitations. First, we classified the CODS tests into three types based on the distinctive movements and the angles of the directional changes in CODS tests. However, CODS tests can be classified by other criteria, e.g., the duration or the number of directional changes during the test. Therefore, it should be pointed out that the categorization of this study is not the only way to distinguish one CODS test type from another. Categorizing CODS tests from various perspectives will provide useful information and needs further research. This study could be used as a foundation for such work. Second, we excluded the CODS tests that took more than 40 sec/140 meter in total to complete or had a rest/jog phase during the test, as such tests are usually used to evaluate endurance capacity rather than the CODS performance (Haff and Triplett, 2015). Similarly, tests that involved dribbling, likely reflecting the skill, were not included. On the other hand, we acknowledge that the endurance capacity as well as the dribbling skill are essential physical demands for basketball players to achieve high performance (Garcia-Gil et al., 2018; Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2019). It is worth noting that some studies have used CODS tests involving intermittent/endurance running (Scanlan et al., 2012; Staunton et al., 2017) or with dribbling during the CODS test (Erčulj et al., 2017; Scanlan et al., 2018; Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2019) in basketball players. Thus, further research considering these aspects is warranted to develop the optimum CODS test for basketball players, based on various categorizations. Finally, this review did not take into account the profiles of the basketball players, such as sex, age, and performance level, examined in each study. If these factors are considered, the results on the adoption rates of the three types of CODS tests would differ from those obtained in the current study. In the present circumstance, however, the number of publications is imbalanced between such sub-groups for discussing the data in a quantitative manner (e.g., male vs. female; 70:37, Amateur vs. Professional; 71:34). It is necessary to accumulate more evidence to elucidate whether the type of CODS tests should be selected in accordance with the profiles of the basketball players examined.
Conclusion
In summary, while the CODS performance in basketball players are increasingly studied with various tests, recent studies appear to give equal weight to all of the three categorized test types of the Defensive, 180°-turn, and Cutting, to assess specific CODS performances. The reactive type tests have been used since the late 2000s in addition to the traditional pre-planned type tests, but their prevalence is still low and expected to increase in the future.
Practical Application
The findings obtained here will be useful information for strength and conditioning coaches to select appropriate tests for evaluating the CODS performance of basketball players. There is good evidence that the CODS performance assessed by the Defensive type (e.g., the T-Test) is associated with muscle strength and cognitive function, while that of the 180°-turn type (e.g., 505-test) is mainly determined by sprint speed and muscle strength. Further, the performance of the pre-planned (e.g., V-shaped-cut) and reactive (e.g., Reactive-Y-shaped) Cutting types may well reflect body control/skills and cognitive function, respectively. However, currently no single CODS test contains every basketball-related movement characteristic in either a pre-planned or reactive scenario. Hence, in basketball, we propose that strength and conditioning coaches select multiple tests from different types based on the contents such as movement motions, cutting angles, and decision-making components to evaluate the specific CODS performance from several perspectives.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed to the review conception and design. TS searched the literature and selected relevant articles. TS, SM, TK, HK, and TI performed data interpretation. TS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors edited and revised on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
Abdelkrim, N. B., Chaouachi, A., Chamari, K., Chtara, M., and Castagna, C. (2010). Positional role and competitive-level differences in elite-level men's basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24, 1346–1355. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cf7510
Abdelkrim, N. B., Fazaa, S. E., and Ati, J. E. (2007). Time-motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. Br. J. Sports Med. 41, 69–75. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.032318
Alemdaroglu, U. (2012). The relationship between muscle strength, anaerobic performance, agility, sprint ability and vertical jump performance in professional basketball players. J. Hum. Kinet. 31, 149–158. doi: 10.2478/v10078-012-0016-6
Arazi, H., Coetzee, B., and Asadi, A. (2012). Comparative effect of land- and aquatic-based plyometric training on jumping ability and agility of young basketball players. South Afr. J. Res. Sport Phys. Educ. Recreat. 34, 1–14.
Arede, J., Ferreira, A. P., Gonzalo-Skok, O., and Nuno, L. (2019a). Maturational development as a key aspect in physiological performance and national-team selection in elite male basketball players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 14, 902–910. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0681
Arede, J., Vaz, R., Franceschi, A., Gonzalo-Skok, O., and Leite, N. (2019b). Effects of a combined strength and conditioning training program on physical abilities in adolescent male basketball players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 59, 1298–1305. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08961-2
Asadi, A. (2013). Effects of in-season short-term plyometric training on jumping and agility performance of basketball players. Sport Sci. Health 9, 133–137. doi: 10.1007/s11332-013-0159-4
Asadi, A. (2016). Relationship between jumping ability, agility and sprint performance of elite young basketball players: a field-test approach.: a field-test approach. Rev. Brasileira Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 18, 177–186. doi: 10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p177
Asadi, A., and Arazi, H. (2012). Effects of high-intensity plyometric training on dynamic balance, agility, vertical jump and sprint performance in young male basketball players. J. Sport Health Res. 4, 35–44.
Asadi, A., and Arazi, H. (2018). Relationship between test of postural control and strength and ability tests in basketball players. Rev. Int. Cienc. Deporte 14, 101–110. doi: 10.5232/ricyde2018.05201
Asadi, A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Meylan, C., Nakamura, F. Y., Cañas-Jamett, R., and Izquierdo, M. (2017). Effects of volume-based overload plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise adaptations in young basketball players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 57, 1557–1563. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06640-8
Aschendorf, P. F., Zinner, C., Delextrat, A., Engelmeyer, E., and Mester, J. (2019). Effects of basketball-specific high-intensity interval training on aerobic performance and physical capacities in youth female basketball players. Phys. Sportsmed. 47, 65–70. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1520054
Atanasković, A., Georgiev, M., and Mutavdzić, V. (2015). The impact of vibration training on the whole body, explosive leg strength, speed and agility in basketball players aged 14-15. Res. Kinesiol. 43, 33–37.
Banda, D. S., Beitzel, M. M., Kammerer, J. D., Salazar, I., and Lockie, R. G. (2019). Lower-body power relationships to linear speed, change-of-direction speed, and high-intensity running performance in DI Collegiate Women's Basketball Players. J. Hum. Kinet. 68, 223–232 doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0067
BASKETREF.COM: Rules History 2000-2010, Rules. (n.d.). Available online at: http://www.basketref.com/en/ (accessed August 31, 2020).
Boone, J., and Bourgois, J. (2013). Morphological and physiological profile of elite basketball players in Belgium. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 8, 630–638. www.IJSPP-Journal.com
Bouteraa, I., Negra, Y., Shephard, R. J., and Chelly, M. S. (2018). Effects of combined balance and plyometric training on athletic performance in female basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 34, 1967–1973. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002546
Buscà, B., Moreno-Doutres, D., Peña, J., Morales, J., Solana-Tramunt, M., and Aguilera-Castells, J. (2018). Effects of jaw clenching wearing customized mouthguards on agility, power and vertical jump in male high-standard basketball players. J. Exerc. Sci. Fit. 16, 5–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2017.11.001
Carvalho, H. M., Gonçalves, C. E., Grosgeorge, B., and Paes, R. R. (2017). Validity and usefulness of the line drill test for adolescent basketball players: a Bayesian multilevel analysis. Res. Sports Med. 25, 333–344. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1314296
Carvalho, H. M., Leonardi, T. J., Soares, A. L. A., Paes, R. R., Foster, C., and Gonçalves, C. E. (2019). Longitudinal changes of functional capacities among adolescent female basketball players. Front. Physiol. 10, 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00339
Carvalho, H. M., Silva, M. J. C. E., Figueiredo, A. J., Gonçalves, C. E., Philippaerts, R. M., Castagna, C., and Malina, R. M. (2011). Predictors of maximal short-term power outputs in basketball players 14-16 years. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111, 789–796. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1703-4
Chaouachi, A., Brughelli, M., Chamari, K., Levin, G. T., Abdelkrim, N. B., Laurcarloencelle, L., and Carlo, C. (2009). lower limb maximal dynamic strength and agility determinants in elite basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 23, 1570–1577. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a4e7f0
Cheema, A. (2019). The spax: The Increasingly Popular Deep Three-Point Shot, Older Posts, Article, NBA. Availble online at: https://www.thespax.com/ (accessed August 31, 2020).
Conte, D., Favero, T. G., Lupo, C., Francioni, F. M., Capranica, L., and Tessitore, A. (2015). Time-motion analysis of italian elite women's basketball games: individual and team analyses. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29, 144–150. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000633
Cook, J. L., Kiss, Z. S., Khan, K. M., Purdam, C. R., and Webster, K. E. (2004). Anthropometry, physical performance, and ultrasound patellar tendon abnormality in elite junior basketball players: a cross-sectional study. Br. J. Sports Med. 38, 206–209. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.004747
Cui, Y., Liu, F., Bao, D., Liu, H., Zhang, S., and Gómez, M. Á. (2019). Key anthropometric and physical determinants for different playing positions during national basketball association draft combine test. Front. Physiol. 10, 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02359
Cvorović, A. (2012). The influence of basketball on the asymmetry in the use of limbs. Montenegrin J. Sports Sci. Med. 1, 15–19.
Delextrat, A., and Cohen, D. (2008). Physiological testing of basketball players: toward a standard evaluation of anaerobic fitness. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22, 1066–1072. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181739d9b
Delextrat, A., and Cohen, D. (2009). Strength, power, speed, and agility of women basketball players according to playing position. J. Strength Cond. Res. 23, 1974–1981. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b86a7e
Delextrat, A., Grosgeorge, B., and Bieuzen, F. (2015). Determinants of performance in a new test of planned agility for young elite basketball players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 10, 160–165. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0097
Delextrat, A., and Martinez, A. (2014). Small-sided game training improves aerobic capacity and technical skills in basketball players. Int. J. Sports Med. 35, 385–391. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1349107
Doma, K., Leicht, A., Sinclair, W., Schumann, M., Damas, F., Burt, D., and Woods, C. (2018). Impact of exercise-induced muscle damage on performance test outcomes in elite female basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 32, 1731–1738. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002244
Dos'Santos, T., Thomas, C., Comfort, P., and Jones, P. A. (2018). Comparison of change of direction speed performance and asymmetries between team-sport athletes: application of change of direction deficit. Sports 6, 1–15. doi: 10.3390/sports6040174
Erčulj, F., Blas, M., and Bračič, M. (2010). Physical demands on young elite european female basketball players with special reference to speed, agility, explosive strength, and take-off power. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24, 2970–2978. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e38107
Erčulj, F., Blas, M., Coh, M., and Bračič, M. (2009). Differences in motor abilities of various types of european young elite female basketball players. Kinesiology 41, 203–211.
Erčulj, F., and Bračič, M. (2009). Differences in the development of the motor abilities of young elite european and slovenian female basketball players. Kinesiol. Slovenica 15, 24–32.
Erčulj, F., Bračič, M., and Jakovljević, S. (2011). The level of speed and agility of different types of elite female basketball players. Facta Univ. Phys. Educ. Sport 9, 283–293.
Erčulj, F., Jakovljević, S., Karalejić, M., Ivanović, J., and Štrumbelj, E. (2017). Efficiency of speed and agility dribbling of young basketball players. Kinesiol. Slovenica 23, 22–32.
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Montalvo, A., Latinjak, A., and Unnithan, V. (2016). Physical characteristics of elite adolescent female basketball players and their relationship to match performance. J. Hum. Kinet. 53, 167–178. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0020
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Montalvo, A., Sitjà-Rabert, M., Kiefer, A. W., and Myer, G. D. (2015). Neuromuscular asymmetries in the lower limbs of elite female youth basketball players and the application of the skillful limb model of comparison. Phys. Ther. Sport 16, 317–323. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.01.003
Freitas, T. T., Calleja-González, J., Alarcón, F., and Alcaraz, P. E. (2016). Acute Effects of two different resistance circuit training protocols on performance and perceived exertion in semiprofessional basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 30, 407–414. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001123
Freitas, T. T., Calleja-González, J., Carlos-Vivas, J., Marín-Cascales, E., and Alcaraz, P. E. (2019). Short-term optimal load training vs a modified complex training in semi-professional basketball players. J. Sports Sci. 37, 434–442. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1504618
Gabbett, T. J., Sheppard, J. M., Pritchard-Peschek, K. R., Leveritt, M. D., and Aldred, M. J. (2008). Influence of closed skill and open skill warm-ups on the performance of speed, change of direction speed, vertical jump, and reactive agility in team sport athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22, 1413–1415. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181739ecd
Garcia-Gil, M., Torres-Unda, J., Esain, I., Iratxe Duñabeitia Susana, M., Javier, G., and Jon, I. (2018). Anthropometric parameters, age, and agility as performance predictors in elite female basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 32, 1723–1730. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002043
Gonzalo-Skok, O., Sánchez-Sabaté, J., Izquierdo-Lupón, L., and Sáez de Villarreal, E. (2019). Influence of force-vector and force application plyometric training in young elite basketball players. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 19, 305–314. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1502357
Gonzalo-Skok, O., Tous-Fajardo, J., Suarez-Arrones, L., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., Casajús, J. A., and Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2015). Validity of the V-cut test for young basketball players. Int. J. Sports Med. 36, 893–899. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1554635
Gonzalo-Skok, O., Tous-Fajardo, J., Suarez-Arrones, L., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., Casajús, J. A., and Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2017). Single-leg power output and between-limbs imbalances in team-sport players: unilateral versus bilateral combined resistance training. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 12, 106–114. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0743
Greene, J. J., McGuine, T. A., Leverson, G., and Best, T. M. (1998). Anthropometric and performance measures for high school basketball players. J. Athl. Train. 33, 229–232. AQ doi
Guimarães, E., Baxter-Jones, A., Maia, J., Fonseca, P., Santos, A., Santos, E., et al. (2019a). The roles of growth, maturation, physical fitness, and technical skills on selection for a portuguese under-14 years basketball team. Sports 7, 1–13. doi: 10.3390/sports7030061
Guimarães, E., Ramos, A., Janeira, M. A., Baxter-Jones, A. D. G., and Maia, J. (2019b). How does biological maturation and training experience impact the physical and technical performance of 11–14-year-old male basketball players? Sports 7, 1–13. doi: 10.3390/sports7120243
Haff, G. G., and Triplett, N. T. (2015). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 4th Edn. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics.
Hoare, D. G. (2000). Predicting success in junior elite basketball players: the contribution of anthropometic and physiological attributes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 3, 391–405. doi: 10.1016/S1440-2440(00)80006-7
Hoffman, J. R., Epstein, S., Einbinder, M., and Weinstein, Y. (1999). The Influence of aerobic capacity on anaerobic performance and recovery indices in basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 13, 407–411. doi: 10.1519/00124278-199911000-00018
Hoffman, J. R., Maresh, C. M., Armstrong, L. E., and Kramer, W. J. (1991). Effects of off-season and in-season resistance training programs on a collegiate male basketball team. J. Hum. Muscle Perform. 1, 48–55.
Horička, P., and Šimonek, J. (2019). Identification of agility predictors in basketball. Trends Sport Sci. 26, 27–32. doi: 10.23829/TSS.2019.26.1-4
Huang, H.-C., Wu, W.-L., Chang, Y.-K., and Chu, I.-H. (2018). Physical fitness characteristics of adolescent Wushu athletes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 58, 399–406. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06748-7
Izzo, R., and Varde'i, C. H. (2018). Experimental approach via three different protocols on the speed agility in basketball: a case study. J. Phys. Educ. Sport 18, 637–640.
Jakovljević, S., Karalejić, M., Ivanović, J., Štrumbelj, E., and Erčulj, F. (2017). Efficiency of speed and agility dribbling of young basketball players. Kinesiol. Slovenica, 23, 22–32.
Jakovljević, S., Karalejić, M., Pajić, Z., Gardašević, B., and Mandić, R. (2011a). The influence of anthropometric characteristics on the agility abilities of 14 year-old elite male basketball players. Facta Univ. Phys. Educ. Sport 9, 141–149.
Jakovljević, S., Karalejić, M., Pajić, Z., and Mandić, R. (2011b). Acceleration and speed of change of direction and the way of movement of quality basketball players. Fizicka Kultura 65, 16–23. doi: 10.5937/fizkul1101016J
Jakovljević, S., Karalejić, M. S., Pajić, Z. B., Macura, M. M., and Erćulj, F. (2012). Speed and agility of 12- and 14-year-old elite male basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26, 2453–2459. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f2b22
Jeffriess, M. D., Schultz, A. B., McGann, T. S., Callaghan, S. J., and Lockie, R. G. (2015). Effects of preventative ankle taping on planned change-of-direction and reactive agility performance and ankle muscle activity in basketballers. J. Sports Sci. Med. 14, 864–876.
Jones, P., Bampouras, T. M., and Marrin, K. (2009). An investigation into the physical determinants of change of direction speed. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 49, 97–104.
Köklü, Y., Alemdaroglu, U., Koçak, F. Ü., and Erol, A. E. (2010). The relationship among body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, sprint ability and T-drill agility tests in first division basketball players. Ovidius Univ. Ann. Ser. Phys. Educ. Sport/Sci. Move. Health 10, 633–635.
Köklü, Y., Alemdaroglu, U., Koçak, F. Ü., Erol, A. E., and Findikoglu, G. (2011). Comparison of chosen physical fitness characteristics of turkish professional basketball players by division and playing position. J. Hum. Kinet. 30, 99–106. doi: 10.2478/v10078-011-0077-y
Kucsa, R., and Mačura, P. (2015). Physical characteristics of female basketball players according to playing position. Acta Facult. Educ. Phys. Univ. Comenia. 55, 46–53. doi: 10.1515/afepuc-2015-0006
Lam, W. K., Qu, Y., Yang, F., and Cheung, R. T. H. (2017). Do rotational shear-cushioning shoes influence horizontal ground reaction forces and perceived comfort during basketball sutting maneuvers? Peer J. 5, 1–13. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4086
Lehnert, M., Hulka, K., Malý, T., Fohler, J., and Zahálka, F. (2013). The Effects of a 6 week plyometric training programme on explosive strength and agility in professional basketball players. Acta Univ. Palackianae Olomucensis Gymnica 43, 7–15. doi: 10.5507/ag.2013.019
Locke, A., Sitler, M., Aland, C., and Kimura, I. (1997). Long-term use of a softshell prophylactic ankle stabilizer on speed, agility, and vertical jump performance. J. Sport Rehabil. 6, 235–245. doi: 10.1123/jsr.6.3.235
Lockie, R. G., Jeffriess, M. D., McGann, T. S., and Callaghan, S. J. (2014a). Ankle muscle function during preferred and non-preferred 45°directional cutting in semi-professional basketball players. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 14, 574–593. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868744
Lockie, R. G., Jeffriess, M. D., McGann, T. S., Callaghan, S. J., and Schultz, A. B. (2014b). Planned and reactive agility performance in semiprofessional and amateur basketball players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 9, 766–771. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0324
Luis, J., Davó, H., Monteagudo, P., and Sabido, R. (2018). Comparison of six weeks eccentric overload training between bilateral and unilateral squat in basketball players. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 40, 111–121.
Maggioni, M. A., Bonato, M., Stahn, A., La Torre, A., Agnello, L., and Vernillo, G. (2018). Effects of ball drills and repeated-sprint-ability training in basketball players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 14, 757–764. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0433
Mancha-Triguero, D., García-Rubio, J., Calleja-González, J., and Ibáñez, S. J. (2019). Physical fitness in basketball players: a systematic review. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 59, 1513–1525. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09180-1
Marshall, B. M., Franklyn-Miller, A. D., King, E. A., Moran, K. A., Strike, S. C., and Falvey, É. C. (2014). Biomechanical factors associated with time to complete a change of direction cutting maneuver. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28, 2845–2851. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000463
Marzilli, T. S. (2008). The effects of a preseason strength training program on a division ii collegiate women's basketball team. Int. J. Fit. 4, 7–14.
McCormick, B. T. (2014). The relationship between lateral movement and power in female adolescent basketball play. J. Phys. Activit. 3, 13–26.
McCormick, B. T., Hannon, J. C., Newton, M., Shultz, B., Detling, N., and Young, W. B. (2014). A comparison of the drop step and hip turn techniques for basketball defense. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 9, 605–613. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.9.4.605
McCormick, B. T., Hannon, J. C., Newton, M., Shultz, B., Detling, N., and Young, W. B. (2016). The effects of frontal-and sagittal-plane plyometrics on change-of-direction speed and power in adolescent female basketball players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 11, 102–107. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0058
Meszler, B., and Váczi, M. (2019). Effects of short-term in-season plyometric training in adolescent female basketball players. Physiol. Int. 106, 168–179. doi: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.14
Miloski, B., Aoki, M. S., de Freitas, C. G., Schultz de Arruda, A. F., de Moraes, H. S., Drago, G., et al. (2015). Does testosterone modulate mood states and physical performance in young basketball players? J. Strength Cond. Res. 29, 2474–2481. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000883
Mitić, M., Paunović, M., Živković, M., Stojanović, N., Bojić, I., and Kocić, M. (2019). Differences in agility and explosive power of basketball players in relation to their positions on the team. Facta Univ. Ser. Phys. Educ. Sport 16:739. doi: 10.22190/FUPES181106065M
Mtsweni, L. B., West, S. J., and Taliep, M. S. (2017). Anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of female basketball players in South Africa. South Afr. J. Res. Sport Phys. Educ. Recreat. 39, 93–103.
Myles, J. R., Lee, C. M., and Kern, M. (2017). The influence of various recovery modalities on performance tasks in basketball players. Int. J. Appl. Exerc. Physiol. 6, 39–48. doi: 10.22631/ijaep.v6i1.123
Naylor, J., and Greig, M. (2015). A hierarchical model of factors influencing a battery of agility tests. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 55, 1329–1335.
Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M., and Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. J. Strength Cond. Res. 14, 443–450. doi: 10.1519/00124278-200011000-00012
Pehar, M., Sisic, N., Sekulic, D., Coh, M., Uljevic, O., Spasic, M., et al. (2018). Analyzing the relationship between anthropometric and motor indices with basketball specific pre-planned and non-planned agility performances. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 58, 1037–1044. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07346-7
Peña, J., Moreno-Doutres, D., Coma, J., Cook, M., and Buscà, B. (2018). Anthropometric and fitness profile of high-level basketball, handball and volleyball players. Rev. Andal. Med. Deport. 11, 30–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ramd.2016.03.002
Pion, J., Segers, V., Fransen, J., Debuyck, G., Deprez, D., Haerens, L., et al. (2015). Generic anthropometric and performance characteristics among elite adolescent boys in nine different sports. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 15, 357–366. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.944875
Ramirez-Campillo, R., Gentil, P., Moran, J., Dalbo, V. J., and Scanlan, A. T. (2019). Dribble deficit enables measurement of dribbling speed independent of sprinting speed in collegiate, male, basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res., 1–6. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003030
Ramos, S., Volossovitch, A., Ferreira, A. P., Fragoso, I., and Massuça, L. (2019a). Differences in maturity, morphological and physical attributes between players selected to the primary and secondary teams of a portuguese basketball elite academy. J. Sports Sci. 37, 1681–1689. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1585410
Ramos, S., Volossovitch, A., Ferreira, A. P., Fragoso, I., and Massuça, L. M. (2019b). Training experience and maturational, morphological, and fitness attributes as individual performance predictors in male and female under-14 Portuguese Elite basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 1–8. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003042
Scanlan, A. T., Dascombe, B. J., and Reaburn, P. R. J. (2012). The construct and longitudinal validity of the basketball exercise simulation test. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26, 523–530. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318220dfc0
Scanlan, A. T., Humphries, B., Tucker, P. S., and Dalbo, V. (2014a). The influence of physical and cognitive factors on reactive agility performance in men basketball players. J. Sports Sci. 32, 367–374. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.825730
Scanlan, A. T., Tucker, P. S., and Dalbo, V. J. (2014b). A comparison of linear speed, closed-skill agility, and open-skill agility qualities between backcourt and frontcourt adult semiprofessional male basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28, 1319–1327. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000276
Scanlan, A. T., Tucker, P. S., and Dalbo, V. J. (2015a). The importance of open- and closed-skill agility for team selection of adult male basketball players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 55, 390–396.
Scanlan, A. T., Tucker, P. S., Dascombe, B. J., Berkelmans, D. M., Hiskens, M. I., and Dalbo, V. J. (2015b). Fluctuations in activity demands across game quarters in professional and semiprofessional male basketball. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2, 3006–3015. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000967
Scanlan, A. T., Wen, N., Kidcaff, A. P., Berkelmans, D. M., Tucker, P. S., and Dalbo, V. J. (2016). Generic and sport-specific reactive agility tests assess different qualities in court-based team sport athletes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 56, 206–213.
Scanlan, A. T., Wen, N., Pyne, D. B., Stojanović, E., Milanović, Z., Conte, D., et al. (2019). Power-related determinants of modified agility t-test performance in male adolescent basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 1–7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003131
Scanlan, A. T., Wen, N., Spiteri, T., Milanović, Z., Conte, D., Guy, J. H., et al. (2018). Dribble deficit: a novel method to measure dribbling speed independent of sprinting speed in basketball players. J. Sports Sci. 36, 2596–2602. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1470217
Sekulic, D., Krolo, A., Spasic, M., Uljevic, O., and Peric, M. (2014). The development of a new stop'n'go reactive-agility test. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28, 3306–3312. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000515
Sekulic, D., Pehar, M., Krolo, A., Spasic, M., Uljevic, O., Calleja-González, J., and Sattler, T. (2017). Evaluation of basketball-specific agility: applicability of preplanned and nonplanned agility performances for differentiating playing positions and playing levels. J. Strength Cond. Res. 31, 2278–2288. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001646
Sekulic, D., Spasic, M., Mirkov, D., Cavar, M., and Sattler, T. (2013). Gender-specific influences of balance, speed, and power on agility performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27, 802–811. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2cb0
Serpell, B. G., Ford, M., and Young, W. B. (2010). The development of a new test of agility for rugby league. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24, 3270–3277. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b60430
Shea, S. (n.d.). Shot Tracker: The 3-Point Revolution, Resources, More. Available online at: https://shottracker.com/ (accessed August 31, 2020).
Sheppard, J. M., and Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing. J. Sports Sci. 24, 919–932. doi: 10.1080/02640410500457109
Šimonek, J., Horička, P., and Hianik, J. (2016). Differences in pre-planned agility and reactive agility performance in sport games. Acta Gymnica 46, 68–73. doi: 10.5507/ag.2016.006
SiSic, N., Jelicic, M., Pehar, M., SpaSic, M., and SeKulic, D. (2016). Agility performance in high-level junior basketball players: the predictive value of anthropometrics and power qualities. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 56, 884–893.
Soslu, R., Özkan, A., and Goktepe, M. (2016). The relationship between anaerobic performances, muscle strength, hamstring/quadriceps ratio, agility, sprint ability and vertical jump in professional basketball players. Nigde Univ. J. Phys. Educ. Sport Sci. 10, 164–173.
Spiteri, T., Binetti, M., Scanlan, A. T., Dalbo, V. J., Dolci, F., and Specos, C. (2019). Physical Determinants of Division 1 Collegiate Basketball, Women's National Basketball League, and Women's National Basketball Association Athletes: with reference to lower-body sidedness. J. Strength Cond. Res. 33, 159–166. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001905
Spiteri, T., Newton, R. U., Binetti, M., Hart, N. H., Sheppard, J. M., and Nimphius, S. (2015a). Mechanical determinants of faster change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29, 2205–2214. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000876
Spiteri, T., Newton, R. U., and Nimphius, S. (2015b). Neuromuscular strategies contributing to faster multidirectional agility performance. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 25, 629–636. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.04.009
Spiteri, T., Nimphius, S., Hart, N. H., Specos, C., Sheppard, J. M., and Newton, R. U. (2014). Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28, 2415–2423. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000547
Staunton, C., Wundersitz, D., Gordon, B., and Kingsley, M. (2017). Construct validity of accelerometry-derived force to quantify basketball movement patterns. Int. J. Sports Med. 38, 1090–1096. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-119224
Stojanović, E., Aksović, N., Stojiljković, N., Stanković, R., Scanlan, A. T., and Milanović, Z. (2019a). Reliability, usefulness, and factorial validity of change-of-direction speed tests in adolescent basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 33, 3162–3173. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002666
Stojanović, E., Stojiljković, N., Scanlan, A. T., Dalbo, V. J., Stanković, R., Antić, V., et al. (2019b). Acute caffeine supplementation promotes small to moderate improvements in performance tests indicative of in-game success in professional female basketball players. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 44, 849–856. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0671
Štrumbelj, E., and Erčulj, F. (2014). Analysis of experts' quantitative assessment of adolescent basketball players and the role of anthropometric and physiological attributes. J. Hum. Kinet. 42, 267–276. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0080
Townsend, J. R., Bender, D., Vantrease, W. C., Hudy, J., Huet, K., Williamson, C., et al. (2019). Isometric midthigh pull performance is associated with athletic performance and sprinting kinetics in division i men and women's basketball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 33, 2665–2673. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002165
Van Gelder, L. H., and Bartz, S. D. (2011). The effect of acute stretching on agility performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25, 3014–3021. www.nsca-jscr.org
Wen, N., Dalbo, V. J., Burgos, B., Pyne, D. B., and Scanlan, A. T. (2018). Power testing in basketball: current practice and future recommendations. J. Strength Cond. Res. 32, 2677–2691. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002459
Young, W. B., Dawson, B., and Henry, G. J. (2015). Agility and change-of-direction speed are independent skills: implications for training for agility in invasion sports. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 10, 158–169. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.10.1.159
Young, W. B., James, R., and Montgomery, I. (2002). Is muscle power related to running speed with changes of direction? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 42, 282–288.
Zarić, I. (2014). The effects of a six-week training program on notor and functional skills of female basketball players. Phys. Cult. 68, 75–83. doi: 10.5937/fizkul1401075Z
Keywords: agility, defensive, 180°-turn, cutting, reactive
Citation: Sugiyama T, Maeo S, Kurihara T, Kanehisa H and Isaka T (2021) Change of Direction Speed Tests in Basketball Players: A Brief Review of Test Varieties and Recent Trends. Front. Sports Act. Living 3:645350. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.645350
Received: 23 December 2020; Accepted: 24 March 2021;
Published: 29 April 2021.
Edited by:
Luca Paolo Ardigò, University of Verona, ItalyReviewed by:
Johnny Padulo, University of Milan, ItalySasa Jakovljevic, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Anne Delextrat, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2021 Sugiyama, Maeo, Kurihara, Kanehisa and Isaka. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Takashi Sugiyama, t-sugi08@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp