Abstract
It is commonly mentioned that corrosion of steel in presstressed concrete can induce brittle failure. It is also understood that in order to estimate the presstressed structures service life is necessary to study the pitting factor that compares the maximum corrosion pit depth with the section loss by homogeneous corrosion. Results are presented on corrosion tests to measure the corrosion depth in tendons in contact with water. In present paper, a statistical analysis has been carried out in order to obtain the pitting factor for different cross sections submerged in water. The results indicate that the pitting factor value varies between 1.20 and 1.85 depending on the confidence interval considered, which can significantly reduce the service life of the presstressed tendons as long as the exposure conditions are those set out in this study.
Introduction
Corrosion is the principal reason of durability reduction of reinforced concrete structures (Andrade et al., ). In the case of presstressed structures corrosion can induce stress corrosion cracking (Sanchez et al., 2007, 2008a, 2009a,b, 2011, 2013). The pit to crack transition has been studied by some authors (Turnbull et al., 2006a,b; Horner et al., ). To estimate the service life and the safety of the structure it is necessary to study the pit shape and the pit factor that compares the pit depth with the section loss by general corrosion (Sanchez et al., 2017a). Previous paper was focused into the mechanical behavior of corroded rebars (Sanchez et al., 2017a) in order to estimate their service life. A final tolerance diagram was obtained where it is taken into account the effect of corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and hydrogen embrittlement effects (Sanchez et al., 2008b, 2010; Sánchez et al., 2016a; Sanchez et al., 2016b, 2017b; Castedo et al., , ; Elices et al., ).
The work presented in this study attempts to quantify statistically the corrosion depth in tendons whose ducts have not been grouted with mortar. Therefore, tendons have been exposed to the weather or partially submerged in water in order to simulate similar conditions of tendons that are within the sheaths in direct contact with rainwater or other sources and which have been accumulated during the time they have not been injected.
With the aim of obtaining the pitting factor (González et al., ) an experimental corrosion tests have been carried out to measure the corrosion rate and the corrosion depth of tendons in contact with water.
Experimental Methodology
Materials
The bars used as test materials were of high strength steel, cold drawn, 15.24 mm diameter and 25 cm length. Each tendon is made up of seven steel wires and has a diameter of 5 mm. Twelve tendons have been tested in total.
Before and after testing, the bars were cleaned in hydrochloric acid diluted with water and degreased in acetone.
The water used in the tests has the composition given in Table 1.
Table 1
| pH | Conductivity | Chlorides | Fe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6.9 | 79 μS/cm | 0.06 mg/l | 0.02 mg/l | 0.05 mg/l |
Water composition.
Experiments
The methodology take into account the following steps: (i) submerged the bars and tendons in water and measure the corrosion rate during 30 days; (ii) measure the corrosion depth at different sections with metallographic microscope.
The following experimental methods have been carried out in order to quantify the corrosion depth in tendons.
Corrosion Rate Over Time in Steel Bars and Tendons Partially Submerged in Water
Tendon and bars deterioration over time due to corrosion has been studied through electrochemical techniques for measuring potential and corrosion rate. For this purpose, Polarization Resistance Method according ASTM G 59-91 standard has been used with an ACM potentiostat (Stern and Geary, 1957; Feliu et al., ). It is tested isolated bars or wires and tendons in order to check the effect of the contact between central and surface wires.
In the present work potentiodynamic measurements were taken by polarizating cathodically from the Ecorr up to −10 mV, and then, anodically up to +10 mV (Andrade and González, ), to obtain the Rp value (Feliu et al., , ; Andrade et al., , ). An intermediate value of the constant B is chosen: 26 mV for steel in the active state.
Two test cells have been studied with three bars in each cell. The tests had duration of 30 days (Table 2). 3-electrode test cell is performed according ASTM G 59-91 and it is formed by the following electrodes:
- Reference electrode: Ag/AgCl has been used as reference electrode.
- Working electrode: Tendons were cut and divided in bars. Each test cell is formed by three steel bars object of study acting as working electrode.
- Counter electrode: a graphite bar has been used as auxiliary or counter electrode.
Table 2
| Sample ID | Type of sample | Time submerged in water | Type of test |
|---|---|---|---|
| B1-1 | Bar | 30 days | Electrochemical and weight loss |
| B2-1 | Bar | 30 days | Electrochemical and weight loss |
| B3-1 | Bar | 30 days | Electrochemical and weight loss |
| B4-2 | Bar | 30 days | Electrochemical and weight loss |
| B5-2 | Bar | 30 days | Electrochemical and weight loss |
| B6-2 | Bar | 30 days | Electrochemical and weight loss |
| T1-1 | Tendon | 30 days | Metallographic microscope |
| T2-2 | Tendon | 19 days | Metallographic microscope |
| T3-2 | Tendon | 19 days | Metallographic microscope |
| T4-2 | Tendon | 30 days | Metallographic microscope |
| T5-2 | Tendon | 30 days | Metallographic microscope |
| T6-3 | Tendon | 30 days | Metallographic microscope |
| T7-3 | Tendon | 19 days | Metallographic microscope |
| T8-3 | Tendon | 30 days | Metallographic microscope |
| T9-3 | Tendon | 19 days | Metallographic microscope |
Summary of samples and tests performed.
The code is B for bars or wires and T for entire tendons.
The total weight loss is obtained from the area integration of the Icorr-time curve (Sanchez et al., 2017a). Electrochemical weight losses have been calculated by Faraday's law, as shown in Equation (1) (Munoz et al., ; Apostolopoulos et al., ; Sanchez et al., 2017a):
where PeqFe is the equivalent weight of iron with a valence of 2; corresponds to the area under the curve obtained in the electrochemical measurements, and F is the Faraday constant 96,500 C.
On the other hand, gravimetric weight loss has been obtained as the difference between initial and final weight of steel bars at the end of the test. Both cases, steel bars were cleaned in hydrochloric acid diluted with water and methenamine, afterwards it degreased in acetone.
Corrosion Depth in Pre-corroded Tendons
Corrosion depth in tendons has been studied with metallographic microscope at x500 magnification. This technique allows, through further image processing, measuring the pit depth due to corrosion on the surface of the steel.
Before measuring the corrosion depth, tendons have been pre-corroded partially submerging them into a container with water. Four tendons have been pre-corroded for 19 days and five tendons for 30 days (Table 2).
From each pre-corroded tendon three cross sections have been made at 3 different heights: air/water interface area (section A), submerged intermediate area (section B), and bottom tendon area (section C).
Each section is embedded in resin and polished to obtain samples as shown in Figure 1. From each steel bar 4 photos are obtained by metallographic microscopy and 10 measurements of pit depth are obtained from each photo (Figure 2). 4,500 corrosion depth have been measured and statistically studied.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Results
Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Rate and Corrosion Potential
Corrosion rate over time measurements in submerged steel bars are shown in Figure 3. And the potential values recorded over time in submerged steel bars are shown in Figure 4. Both parameters are measured in B1-1, B2-1, B3-1, B4-2, B5-2, and B6-2 bars.
Figure 3
Figure 4
Corrosion rate stabilizes during the first 24 h and after that, it remains constant throughout the whole test, being around 10 μA/cm2, a value above the limit considered for the steel depasivation threshold, located at 0.2 μA/cm2 (Andrade et al., ).
All values, both in the corrosion rate and in the corrosion potential measurements, are very similar to each other, which allow deducing a representative value with little dispersion.
Gravimetric Measurements
Figure 5 shows the gravimetric and electrochemical weight losses obtained in the 6 steel bars submerged in water under study. According to Equation (2), the weight loss estimated by electrochemical measurements agrees with the gravimetric measurements, which validates the electrochemical measurements and allows using them to deduce the evolution over time of the corrosion rate.
Figure 5
Corrosion Depth Statistical Analysis
As previously mentioned, a total of 4,500 corrosion depth measurements have been carried out by metallographic microscopy at 500 magnifications. 3 areas have been statistically studied in 9 tendons: (i) air/water interface area (section A), (ii) submerged intermediate area (section B), and (iii) bottom tendon area (section C).
Figures 6–8 show the experimental distribution of corrosion depth for each tendon cross section studied, as well as fitting to a lognormal probability density function by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) maximizing the log-likelihood to find best values of the distribution parameters (Cullen and Frey, 1999; Vose, 2000; Venables and Ripley, 2002; Delignette-Muller and Dutang, ).
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
A summary of the corrosion depth experimental distribution values by cross section are shown in Table 3 shows the main parameters of the probability density functions for air/water interface area, submerged tendon area, and bottom tendon area, fitted to a lognormal density function. There is no evidence that the corrosion depth depends on the cross section studied in tendons, since their distributions are very similar to each other.
Table 3
| Air/water interface | Submerged area | Bottom tendon area | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of measures | 1,439 | 1,550 | 1,550 |
| Mean (μm/year) | 29.7 | 27.0 | 28.9 |
| St. deviation (μm/year) | 19.8 | 14.9 | 18.0 |
| Percentile 25% (μm/year) | 18.1 | 18.1 | 18.1 |
| Median (μm/year) | 25.4 | 25.4 | 25.4 |
| Percentile 75% (μm/year) | 35.6 | 32.7 | 33.1 |
| Percentile 90% (μm/year) | 47.1 | 43.4 | 47.1 |
| Percentile 95% (μm/year) | 64.0 | 52.0 | 61.7 |
| Maximum (μm/year) | 177.7 | 189.4 | 223.8 |
| Log (mean) (μm/year) | 3.22 | 3.1 | 3.2 |
| Log (St. deviation) (μm/year) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| Corrosion depth for the 90% confidence interval (μm/year) | 58.2 | 53.6 | 49.7 |
| Corrosion depth for the 95% confidence interval (μm/year) | 74.0 | 68.1 | 60.3 |
| Corrosion depth for the 99% confidence interval (μm/year) | 116.0 | 106.7 | 86.8 |
Corrosion depth experimental distribution values and main parameters of probability density functions fitted to a lognormal density function.
Discussion
Comparison of Rates of General Corrosion and Maximum Pitting Penetration
With the data obtained from both gravimetric and electrochemical weight loss, and since there is a low dispersion in the results obtained in the different bars studied, it is possible to generalize these values and extrapolate them to other different ages. Therefore, general section loss of the reinforcement bars at later ages can be calculated from electrochemical measurements of corrosion rate (Figure 5). Parameter Pcorr represents the radio loss of the bar cross section and it can be obtained through Equation (2), where 0.0116 is a conversion factor from μA/cm2, is the corrosion rate average measured and t is the trial duration in years (Table 2).
Since the corrosion depth was measured by microscope when the tendons were pre-corroded, in order to calculate the pitting factor, α, that relates the homogeneous corrosion with the maximum pitting penetration (González et al., ) according to Equation (3). It is necessary to add the loss of section caused during the time that the tendons were submerged in water at the maximum value of the corrosion depth measured (Figure 9). The loss of section of the tendons during the period of submersion has been estimated as the average value of the corrosion depth according to electrochemical measurements (Table 4).
Table 5 shows the maximum pitting penetration for each stressed tendon cross section studied estimated for 50, 90, and 99% confidence intervals and the α values (pitting factor) associated with each value.
Figure 9
Table 4
| Bar ID | Pcorr, electochem.(mm/año) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.9 | 0.114 |
| 2 | 10.7 | 0.125 |
| 3 | 9.6 | 0.111 |
| 4 | 10.1 | 0.117 |
| 5 | 10.2 | 0.118 |
| 6 | 10.2 | 0.118 |
| Mean | 0.117 | |
| St. Deviation | 0.004 |
Cross section loss by bar.
Table 5
| Pmax, 50% | Pmax, 90% | Pmax, 99% | α50% | α90% | α99% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air/water interface | 142.3 | 171.1 | 217.8 | 1.21 | 1.46 | 1.86 |
| Submerged | 140.3 | 170.9 | 185.4 | 1.20 | 1.46 | 1.91 |
| Bottom | 142.3 | 167.0 | 204.0 | 1.21 | 1.42 | 1.74 |
| Mean | 141.6 | 169.6 | 202.4 | 1.21 | 1.45 | 1.84 |
Cross section loss by section.
Durability Predictions
Figure 10 shows the ultimate and residual load rate over time considering the average of the corrosion rate during the tests (Figure 3) (Sanchez et al., 2017a). It has been represented 50, 90, and 99% confidence intervals. Since the α values are very similar for each stressed tendon cross section studied, cross section loss has been calculated with the pitting factor averages associated to each confidence intervals.
Figure 10
According to Figure 10 and considering a service stress of 70% of the bar ultimate load, the service life of the tendons would be around 7, 8, and 11 years for 50, 90, and 99% confidence intervals, respectively as long as the exposure conditions are those set out in this report, i.e., tendons in contact with water.
Conclusions
The main conclusions that may be pointed out are:
Tendons studied in contact with water have homogeneous corrosion. A maximum pitting factor value varies between 1.20 for a confidence interval of the 50% percentile and 1.85 for a confidence interval of the 99% percentile.
Durability predictions show that the service life of the tendons can be significantly reduced for a service stress of 70% of the bar ultimate load if maximum pitting factor is considered as long as the exposure conditions are those set out in this report.
There is no evidence that the corrosion depth depends on the submerged tendon cross section, since both their corrosion depth experimental distributions, and their probability density functions fitted are very similar to each other.
Statements
Author contributions
JM carry out the test. JT and NR carry out metallographic analysis. JS are the advisor of the research group.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
corrosion, pitting, tendon, concrete, failure
Citation
Morales JA, Torres J, Rebolledo N and Sánchez J (2019) Experimental and Statistical Analysis of the Corrosion in Tendons in Contact With Water. Front. Mater. 6:167. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2019.00167
Received
30 November 2018
Accepted
26 June 2019
Published
11 July 2019
Volume
6 - 2019
Edited by
David M. Bastidas, University of Akron, United States
Reviewed by
Zehra Canan Girgin, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey; Jian-Guo Dai, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Jose Maria Bastidas, Centro Nacional De Investigaciones Metalurgicas, Spain
Updates
Copyright
© 2019 Morales, Torres, Rebolledo and Sánchez.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Javier Sánchez javier.sanchez@csic.es
This article was submitted to Structural Materials, a section of the journal Frontiers in Materials
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