Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effect of a rotation field on a homogeneous photo-thermoelastic nonlocal material and how its thermal conductivity changes as a result of a linearly distributed thermal load. The thermal conductivity of an interior particle is supposed to increase linearly with temperature. Microelastic, non-local semiconductors are used to model the problem in accordance with optoelectronic procedures, as proposed by the thermoelasticity theory. The micropolar-photo-thermoelasticity theory takes into account the medium’s microelongation properties in accordance with the microelement transport processes. This mathematical model is solved in two dimensions (2D) using harmonic wave analysis. Dimensionless components of displacement, temperature, microelongation, carrier density, and stresses are generated when the non-local semiconductor surface is subjected to the right boundary conditions. For silicon (Si) material, the wave propagation impact of the main physical fields is examined and graphically shown for various values of variable thermal conductivity, thermal relaxation durations, nonlocality, and rotation parameters.
1 Introduction
The classical theory of continuum mechanics, which regards matter as continuous, can only describe solids’ macroscale mechanical behavior since microstructures are microelements. Microinertia must be accounted for in continuum mechanics since macroscopic and microscopic scales must be considered. To conclude, thermoelasticity requires semiconductors to be elastic. Because thermoelastic and electrical deformations are linked. The ED is based on semiconductor crystal lattice photo-generation theory. Semiconductors microelongate because their internal resistance lowers with temperature. In light of the aforementioned, it is crucial to study how light’s thermal energy affects the material’s microelongation and microinertia. The photothermal (PT) theory states that transition phases promote free electrons on surfaces.
The idea of micro-elongation within the context of classical deformation posits that the micro-elongated medium can be classified into various typologies. The aforementioned examples encompass solid-liquid crystals, composite materials comprising elastic fibers, and porous media featuring pores filled with either gaseous or non-viscous fluids. The findings suggest that the expansion of material particles at the micro-scale exhibits volumetric characteristics. The material sites within the deformation medium undergo individual contraction and stretching. The semiconductor’s internal structure experiences various modifications in response to the thermal impact of light, as well as the shown microelongation parameters. Microelongation is dependent on thermal deformation, whereas the last one is dependent on electronic deformation based on electron rotation (micropolar) [1]. When studying the semiconductor materials in this scenario, the microstretch and micropolar theories are taken into account. When the directions of freedom of electrons are orthogonal and contraction, the microelongational theory arises as a specific instance of the microstretch theory. When considering the microstructure of the solid medium, Ref. [2, 3] introduced a unique microstretch-thermoelasticity model based on the micropolar theory. The generalized microstretch thermoelasticity theory [4–8] is used to investigate the many uses of elastic bodies. In the case of the Casson fluid flow of the porous medium, several applications of the microstretch theory are used for hydrodynamics [9, 10]. On the other hand, Ref. [11] investigated some viscoelastic conditions for the flow layer of a viscoelastic porous medium with a single relaxation period. To study the microelongated elastic media and determine wave propagation within an elastic medium, the impact of the internal heat source is applied [12, 13]. To understand the microelongated governing equations of an elastic material, The research conducted by Ref. [14–16] focused on analyzing the phenomenon of plane strain deformation along with the influence of an internal heat source. The micropolar theory of the elastic body is shown using the twofold porosity medium [17]. Reference [18–20] used the finite element analysis and eigenvalues approach to investigate the thermoelastic interactions in an initially stressed porous medium. Reference [21, 22] studied the responses of conductive semi-solid thermoelectric surface and thermomagnetic according to a heat transfer of Moore–Gibson–Thompson (MGT) model subjected to variable thermal shock.
The investigation of semiconductor materials using photoacoustic and photothermal theory (PT) has gained acceptance in recent years [1, 2]. Effective personification was examined by many authors in their examination of photoacoustic and photothermal technology [23–26]. This is made possible by using 2D deformation of the semiconductor material to examine how the photothermal and thermoelasticity theories interact [27]. According to ED, microcantilever methods are used to investigate the optical characteristics of semiconductor material [28, 54]. According to the photo-thermoelasticity theory of elastic semiconductor media, several researchers proposed some unique models with various applications that explain the interaction of mechanical, optical, thermal, and elastic waves [29–34]. In the framework of the two-temperature theory, Ref. [35, 36] conducted a study on a novel model that describes the excitation processes based on the theory of photo-thermoelasticity. This model takes into account variations in the thermal conductivity of the elastic media used in semiconductors. The dual-phase lags model under photothermal interaction processes was employed by Ref. [37]. To represent the photothermal excitation processes, Ref. [38] explored the revised multi-dual phase-lags model. When analyzing the semiconductor medium in the context of photothermal transport processes, Ref. [39] considered the microstretch theory under the impact of rotation. On the other hand, Ref. [40] investigated the photo-microstretch theory for a semiconductor elastic medium using the electro-magneto-thermoelasticity theory. Reference [41] investigated a cylindrical gap of semiconductor medium according to fractional MGT heat model of photothermal-induced due to laser pulse.
Reference [42] developed the nonlocal elasticity hypothesis by applying the principles of global balancing rules and the second law of thermodynamics. The theory of nonlocal elasticity initially focused on studying screw dislocation and surface waves in solids [43]. Reference [44] examined how the Hall current affected the nonlocality semiconductor media to obtain the optical, elastic, thermal, and diffusive waves. On the other hand, Ref. [45] investigated the thermos-diffusion waves for nonlocal semiconductors utilizing the fractional calculus and the laser short-pulse effect. When the thermal conductivity is variable (depends on the heat), previous works on non-local semiconductors ignored the impact of micro-elongation parameters and rotating fields.
In the present work, an examination of the ED and TE deformation in accordance with microelongated (microelements) excited medium was carried out. This examination looked at the impact of non-local, rotation field, and altering thermal conductivity, as well as photo-thermomechanical. When the primary physical fields are chosen in dimensionless form, the governing equations are stated in terms of the two-dimensional deformation of the space. Normal mode analysis is carried out to get the comprehensive analytical solutions of the primary variables under study under certain conditions that exist at the medium boundary. Several graphs are used in order to compare the waves that are propagated by the physical field variables in four distinct contexts. These contexts include the influence of rotational parameters, the effect of thermal memory, non-local contexts, and changing thermal conductivity.
2 Mathematical basic equations
The four basic quantities in this model: carrier density (photo-electronic according to the plasma wave propagation), the temperature (thermal distribution), the elastic waves (displacement) and the scalar microelongational function ) are presented in Cartesian coordinates (see Figure 1). The basic equations of non-local semiconductor medium are presented in 2D under the influence of a uniform rotating field () which is rounded about the -axis. In the absence of body forces, the field equations and constitutive relations for the homogeneous and isotropic non-local semiconductor medium with rotational with variable thermal conductivity are provided as:
FIGURE 1
1) The microelongated constitutive equations for non-local photo-thermoelasticity are [12, 54].
2) The coupled thermal-electronic equation is [28]:
3) The equation of motion and the microelongation equation for non-local medium, as determined by the processes involving microelements, may be expressed as [46]:
4) The non-local semiconductor medium’s microelongated heat conduction equation is [16]:where , , and .
Certainly, in the context of a non-local microelongated semiconductor material, it is indeed possible to consider the thermal conductivity as a variable that depends on temperature. This relationship can be expressed mathematically as a linear function where the thermal conductivity is directly proportional to temperature. In this instance, the thermal conductivity may be expressed as follows by the thermal impact of light beams [35, 36]:
Where is a small parameter. When the medium is not temperature-dependent, the physical constant is the reference thermal conductivity. The integral version of Kirchhoff’s transform theory of temperature may be used to turn the nonlinear components in thermal conductivity into linear ones as [47]:
The following quantities may be recast in space (xz-plane) and time coordinates for the 2D deformation as: .
The basic Eqs. 2–4 in 2D can be reduced as:
The selected parameters and the thermal relaxation times govern the various photo-thermoelasticity models [coupled-dynamical (CD, ), Lord and Shulman (LS, ), and Green and Lindsay (GL, )] [39–41]. The following differentiation relations indicate that Eqs. 6, 7 can be utilized to incorporate the thermal conductivity variable into calculations:
When applying map transform and differentiation affects, Eq. 2 may be rewritten as follows:
When the Taylor expansion was used to solve for the last component in the prior Eq. 13, the non-linear terms were ignored:
Integrating Eq. 12 and using Eq. 13, yields:
In this case, the non-local microelongated heat Eq. 5 can be reduced using the map transform (7) as:
Where expresses the thermal diffusivity of the medium.
To further simplify things, the dimensionless quantities, have the form:
The basic equations may be rewritten as follows using the dimensionless Eq. 16 (with dropping the superscripts):
The potential scalar and the vector space-time functions can be introduced in the following form:
Using Eq. 22, the main Eqs. 18–21 can be represented as:
The constitutive relations in 2D and dimensionless can be rewritten as [54]:
Where
3 Normal mode technique
Any function in 2D (which represents the main fields) is converted to a harmonic wave using the normal mode approach as follows [44–48]:
Where is the amplitude of the function , in the z-direction the wave number is and . The complex frequency expresses , where and are arbitrary parameters.
Using Eq. 29, the fundamental Eq. 17 and Eqs 23–27 take the following form:Where,
Solving the system of Eqs. 30–34, yields:
Where the coefficients of Eq. 37 are:
Factorizing Eq. 37 with the roots , yields:
The solutions in linearity form for Eq. 37 are:
Where are unknown quantities, can be formulated and the other parameters take the following form:
The displacement components can be rewritten as:
The constitutive Eq. 35 can be represented as:
4 Boundary conditions
The arbitrary parameters may be assessed when certain boundary constraints are applied to the free non-local microelongated surface. The boundary conditions are selected at [45], and they may be introduced in the following ways:
Mechanical boundary conditions can be selected in the mechanical ramp type at , which can be represented by the normal stress with loaded force on the non-local surface as [49]:
The other mechanical condition can be chosen for tangent stress freely at as:
When the converted temperature gradient has vanished, the thermal state may be considered. In the thermally insulated example, this is stated as [50]:
The scalar function’s elongation condition may be written as:
The carrier intensity condition of the microelongated non-local semiconducting may be shown following the diffusion transport mechanism. When the concentration of electrons is present and there is a limited range of recombination probabilities, the gradient of the carrier density may be introduced in the manner shown in [51]:
Where is the speed of recombination. Using the values of and , yields:
5 Particular cases
1. The theory of rotational microelongation according to the non-local thermoelasticity is derived by considering the change in thermal conductivity while neglecting the impact of the photo-electronics plasma effect (i.e., ) [14, 15].
2. The rotational non-local photo-thermoelasticity theory with the variable thermal conductivity is obtained under the effect of the photo-electronics plasma impact when the elongation parameters and , are neglected.
3. The models of rotational photo-thermoelasticity with elongation and variation of the thermal conductivity are obtained when the non-local parameter is omitted (i.e., ).
4. The elongation non-local photo-thermoelasticity theory according to the variable thermal conductivity is observed when the angular velocity is neglected (i.e., ) [20, 22]:
5. The elongation rotational non-local photo-thermoelasticity model is obtained when the thermal conductivity of the medium is independent of temperature (i.e., and hence .
To depict the temperature previous to conversion using a map, it is possible to determine the connection between and using the maps transform, which is described in Eqs. 6, 7 as:
6 Discussion and numerical results
A numerical analysis is carried out with the use of MATLAB (2022a) software to investigate the problem more closely and to explain the effects of relaxation times, rotation, the non-local parameter, and the thermal conductivity on the physical field variables according to the propagated waves. We have selected a polymer silicon (Si, n-type)-like semiconductor medium for numerical calculation. The SI units are selected for the physical constants of the Si media, which are represented as [52–54]:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
In the current study, the dimensionless fields are used for numerical calculations to obtain wave propagations of the important physical variables in 2D according to a small value of time. The additional problem constants are used for numerical calculation as: according to the range , , the loaded force , and [46, 47].
6.1 Impact of variable thermal conductivity
The effect of various non-positive parameters on the wave propagation of the main physical field distributions versus the horizontal distance is shown in Figure 2 (consisting of six subfigures) for the range of . There are three cases examined in this figure. The first condition is when (), which stands for the circumstance in which the medium is independent of temperature changes [54]. The second and third scenarios show situations in which the medium is dependent on a temperature change when and . Under the influence of the GL model, the thermal, non-local elongation, elastic, plasma, and mechanical waves propagate at a predetermined period when and . For the thermal condition, the thermal wave begins at positive at the free surface and rises in the initial range towards the edge until reaching its maximum value under the influence of thermal loads brought on by the light beams and mechanical ramp. As a result, the thermal wave gradually and exponentially decrements in the second range until it reaches the least value and aligns with the zero line to achieve stability. We see that the value of the temperature distribution magnitude greatly rises with the increase in parameter. The carrier density with optoelectronic distribution (plasma wave), on the other hand, has the same characteristics as the thermal wave. However, if the parameter is increased, the amplitude of the dispersion of plasma waves decreases and is consistent with the experimental findings [55]. The second subfigure demonstrates that for three values of the parameter , the distribution of the microelongation always starts from the zero value at the boundary. As can be observed from the subfigure, the microelongation function reaches its greatest value in the beginning near the non-local surface, at which point the magnitude of the profile starts to decrease as the distance increases. The solution curves of elastic wave (displacement) begin in each of the three situations with a distinct magnitude and converge to zero with an increase in the distance. A drop in numerical values of normal displacement occurs when the value of the parameter is increased, indicating that it is very sensitive to the variable thermal conductivity parameter. The usual stress variations throughout the distance for all three scenarios (, and ) are shown in the fifth subfigure. It is seen that the normal stress magnitudes begin at positive values in order to comply with the mechanical ramp-type boundary conditions of the issue, grow to achieve maximum values, then decline and raise again to reach zero values. The magnitudes of the normal stress values are at their highest in all circumstances near the source before progressively approaching zero. Three distinct amounts of variable thermal conductivity (, and ) are used to illustrate the differences in the tangential stress with the distance in sixth subfigure. The tangential stress has a predictable zero magnitude starting point, which is satisfied the non-local boundary condition. The subfigure shows that the tangential stress numerically increases for the increasing in the values of variable thermal conductivity [56, 57].
FIGURE 2
6.2 Photo-thermoelasticity models
According to the photo-thermoelasticity models (, , and ), Figure 3 shows the fluctuations of the basic physical quantities with distance in the range for three distinct values of the relaxation times. The non-local boundary condition is met under the influence of rotation ()for elongation-nonlocality properties that follow the same trend of variations when solution curves for the three relaxation time values start at the surface when . In this diagram, all solution curves coincide with a line of zero magnitudes while the distances between the three values and the equilibrium state are increasing. It is obvious that the dispersion of the waves under examination is significantly influenced by the relaxation times [58, 59].
FIGURE 3
6.3 Impact of rotation parameter
The distribution of the basic physical fields in two different scenarios is shown in Figure 4 [presence and absence of rotation field ( and )] according to the increase in distance model in the range . The computational results are made under the effect of the nonlocality parameter according to the GL model when the thermal conductivity depends on the thermal distribution (). All wave propagations in the domains under consideration are significantly influenced by the rotation parameter.
FIGURE 4
6.4 Impact of the nonlocality parameter
To examine the impact of nonlocality in all of the distributions with the medium, Figure 5 has been plotted. At the small time according to the GL theory for rotational medium when , we compare local and nonlocal theories throughout the whole area of study. Similar qualitative behavior to that seen in Figure 5 (five subfigures) has been shown. It is clear from this collection of Figure 5 that nonlocality causes all the field variables under study to increase. The elongation function and optoelectronics field are the two exceptions. All distributions are more affected by nonlocality.
FIGURE 5
6.5 The temporal influence
The present analysis pertains to the utilization of a time historical effect in accordance with the GL model for non-local rotating silicon (Si) material. Figure 6 illustrates the temporal variations of temperature, displacement, normal stress, and carrier density within the interval [0, 0.05] at three distinct distance values under the impact of the variable thermal conductivity. Based on the presented plot, it is evident that the distributions being examined exhibit an initial rise in amplitude, followed by a subsequent decline over time, ultimately penetrating further into the semiconductor material.
FIGURE 6
7 Conclusion
The research discussed focuses on investigating the two-dimensional deformation of a homogeneous, isotropic, microelongated semiconducting half-space within the framework of photo-thermoelasticity. The study incorporates variable thermal conductivity in its models and aims to explore the impact of this parameter, as well as thermal relaxation durations and rotation, on various physical fields. The numerical results obtained were approximated and visually represented. The findings suggest that the wave propagation behavior of the physical quantities is primarily influenced by the variable thermal conductivity parameter across a wide range. Using optoelectronics and thermoelastic processes, we are able to acquire and graphically illustrate the wave behavior of the primary fields in semiconductors. The magnitudes of the primary physical fields are observed to increase with different thermal relaxation time choices. Additionally, all waves propagating within the primary fields tend to approach equilibrium. The presence of angular velocity in the microelongated semiconductor medium, along with various relaxation time values, plays a crucial role in the distribution of the physical quantities within a nonlocality medium. Moreover, the rotation parameter is found to have a significant impact on the wave propagation of the studied physical variables. Research into microelongated semiconductor silicon is warranted because of its potential applications in modern electronic devices like cellphones, sensors, computer processors, medical equipment, diodes, accelerometers, inertial sensors, and electric circuits. It is also anticipated that it will be helpful in the design of structures in a wide range of engineering challenges, contemporary physics, mechanical material design, photo-thermal efficiency, and the solar cell. This article’s examination and findings will be invaluable to researchers interested in the applications of semiconductors like diodes, triodes, and other cutting-edge electrical devices.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
AK: Software, Data curation. WA: Writing–original draft. WH: Software, Writing–review and editing. AE-B: Software, Validation. KL: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
The researchers wish to extend their sincere gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research at the Islamic University of Madinah for the support provided to the Post-Publishing Program. The authors extend their appreciation to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University for fund this research under Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R229) Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Nomenclature
| Elastic parameters | |
| The potential difference | |
| References temperature | |
| Volume thermal expansion | |
| Microelongational stress tensor | |
| Medium density | |
| Thermal expansion coefficient | |
| Dilatation in 2D | |
| Specific heat of the microelongated material | |
| Thermal conductivity | |
| Carrier diffusion | |
| The lifetime | |
| The energy gap | |
| Strain tensor | |
| Two scalar functions | |
| The microinertia of microelement | |
| Microelongational material parameters | |
| Thermal relaxation times | |
| The scalar microelongational function | |
| Microstretch vector | |
| Stress tensor component | |
| Kronecker delta | |
| Unit vector in the direction of the -axis | |
| Angular velocity | |
| The length-related elastic nonlocal parameter | |
| The external characteristic length scale | |
| The internal characteristic length | |
| Non-dimensional material property | |
| The linear micro-elongation coefficient |
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Summary
Keywords
semiconductor, photocarrier, micro-elongation, optoelectronic, rotation field, thermal conductivity
Citation
Kamel A, Alhejaili W, Hassan W, El-Bary AA and Lotfy K (2023) A changeable thermal conductivity and optoelectronic-mechanical wave behavior in a microelongated, non-locally rotating semiconductor media. Front. Phys. 11:1287381. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2023.1287381
Received
01 September 2023
Accepted
02 October 2023
Published
30 October 2023
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited by
Gokhan Zengin, Selcuk University, Türkiye
Reviewed by
Katarzyna Jakimiuk, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
Sengul Uysal, Erciyes University, Türkiye
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Kamel, Alhejaili, Hassan, El-Bary and Lotfy.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Khaled Lotfy, khlotf_1y@yahoo.com
Disclaimer
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