Correction: Student counseling centers in Europe: a retrospective analysis

Franzoi, Isabella Giulia; Sauta, Maria Domenica; Carnevale, Giuliano; Granieri, Antonella

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645087

CORRECTION article

Front. Psychol., 10 September 2025

Sec. Psychology for Clinical Settings

Volume 16 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645087

Correction: Student counseling centers in Europe: a retrospective analysis

Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

This article is a correction to:

Student Counseling Centers in Europe: A Retrospective Analysis
1. Read original article

A Correction on Student counseling centers in Europe: a retrospective analysis by Franzoi, I. G., Sauta, M. D., Carnevale, G., and Granieri, A. (2022). Front. Psychol. 13:894423. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894423

The wrong table was erroneously inserted for Table 1. The correct table is included below:

Table 1

Geographical area		N	%
Northern Europe	Denmark	33	5.97
	Estonia	25	4.52
	Finland	41	7.41
	Iceland	7	1.27
	Ireland	25	4.52
	Latvia	44	7.96
	Lithuania	43	7.78
	Norway	38	6.87
	Sweden	37	6.69
	UK	260	47.02
	Total	553	100.00
Eastern Europe	Bulgaria	52	9.17
	Czech Republic	65	11.46
	Hungary	53	9.35
	Poland	270	47.62
	Romania	95	16.75
	Slovakia	32	5.64
	Total	567	100.00
Western Europe	Austria	70	6.90
	Belgium	63	6.21
	France	389	38.33
	Germany	400	39.41
	Liechtenstein	1	0.10
	Luxembourg	2	0.20
	Netherlands	55	5.42
	Switzerland	35	3.45
	Total	1,015	100.00
Southern Europe	Albania	40	6.22
	Croatia	37	5.75
	Greece	47	7.31
	Italy	216	33.59
	Macedonia	16	2.49
	Malta	2	0.31
	Montenegro	10	1.56
	Portugal	95	14.77
	Serbia	46	7.15
	Slovenia	52	8.09
	Spain	82	12.75
	Total	643	100.00
Middle Eastern Europe	Cyprus	26	12.56
	Turkey	181	87.44
	Total	207	100.00
Total		2,985	100

Descriptive statistics of the institutions mapped in each country for every geographical area.

The wrong table was erroneously inserted for Table 2. The correct table is included below:

Table 2

		Dimension
		Small		Medium		Big		Very big		ND
		N	Row %	N	Row %	N	Row %	N	Row %	N	Row %
Geographical area	Northern Europe	368	66.55	103	18.63	52	9.40	2	0.36	28	5.06
	Eastern Europe	398	70.19	42	7.41	24	4.23	2	0.35	101	17.81
	Western Europe	530	52.22	87	8.57	82	8.08	19	1.87	297	29.26
	Southern Europe	466	72.47	68	10.58	53	8.24	28	4.35	28	4.35
	Middle Eastern Europe	100	48.31	31	14.98	35	16.91	33	15.94	8	3.86
Tot		1,862	62.38	331	11.09	246	8.24	84	2.81	462	15.48

		Legal status
		Public		Private		Private government-dependent		ND
		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Geographical area	Northern Europe	203	36.84	143	25.95	205	37.21	0	0.00
	Eastern Europe	295	52.12	244	43.11	17	3.00	10	1.77
	Western Europe	646	64.47	206	20.56	87	8.68	63	6.29
	Southern Europe	339	55.57	248	40.66	22	3.61	1	0.16
	Middle Eastern Europe	118	57.00	89	43.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
Tot		1,601	54.53	930	31.68	331	11.27	74	2.52
		Institution category
		University		University of applied sciences		Other		ND
		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Geographical area	Northern Europe	233	42.13	131	23.69	189	34.18	0	0.00
	Eastern Europe	312	55.12	17	3.00	228	40.28	9	1.59
	Western Europe	454	44.95	359	35.54	133	13.17	64	6.34
	Southern Europe	418	68.52	96	15.74	94	15.41	2	0.33
	Middle Eastern Europe	180	86.96	15	7.25	12	5.80	0	0.00
Tot		1,597	54.21	618	20.98	656	22.27	75	2.55

Institution legal status and institution category distribution in each geographical area.

The wrong table was erroneously inserted for Table 3. The correct table is included below:

Table 3

		Accessible information		Not accessible information
		n	Row %	n	Row %
Geographical area	Northern Europe	545	98.55	8	1.45
	Eastern Europe	549	96.83	18	3.17
	Western Europe	1,008	99.31	7	0.69
	Southern Europe	611	95.02	32	4.98
	Middle Eastern Europe	206	99.52	1	0.48
Tot		2,919	97.79	66	2.21

Online data available for every institutions in different European geographical areas.

The wrong table was erroneously inserted for Table 4. The correct table is included below:

Table 4

		Students counseling services				χ²	df	p
		Not reported		Reported
		n	Row %	n	Row %
Geographical area	Northern Europe	175	32.11	370	67.89	69.77	1	<0.001
	Eastern Europe	320	58.29	229	41.71	15.08	1	<0.001
	Western Europe	422	41.87	586	58.13	26.68	1	<0.001
	Southern Europe	321	52.54	290	47.46	1.57	1	0.210
	Middle Eastern Europe	88	42.72	118	57.28	4.37	1	0.037
Tot		1,326	45.43	1,593	54.57	24.42	1	<0.001

Presence of student counseling services in different European geographical areas.

χ² = 93.84, df = 1, p < 0.001.

The wrong table was erroneously inserted for Table 5. The correct table is included below:

Table 5

Geographical area			Students psychological centers				χ²	df	p
			Not reported		Reported
			n[expected]	Row %	n[expected]	Row %
Northern Europe	Dimension	Small	152 [110.81]	42.11	209 [250.19]	57.89	22.09	1	<0.001
		Medium	5 [31.62]	4.85	98 [71.38]	95.15	32.34	1	<0.001
		Large	1 [15.96]	1.92	51 [36.04]	98.08	20.23	1	<0.001
		Very large	1 [0.61]	50.00	1 [1.39]	50.00	0.36	1	0.549
	Tot		159	30.69	359	69.31
χ² = 75.01, df = 3, p < 0.001
Eastern Europe	Dimension	Small	255 [238.12]	66.93	126 [142.88]	33.07	3.19	1	0.074
		Medium	18 [25.63]	43.90	23 [15.37]	56.10	6.06	1	0.014
		Large	7 [15.00]	29.17	17 [9.00]	70.83	11.38	1	0.001
		Very large	0 [1.25]	0.00	2 [.75]	100.00	3.33	1	0.068
	Tot		280	62.50	168	37.50
χ² = 23.95, df = 3, p < 0.001
Western Europe	Dimension	Small	204 [160.47]	38.64	324 [367.53]	61.36	16.96	1	<0.001
		Medium	5 [26.44]	5.75	82 [60.56]	94.25	24.98	1	<0.001
		Large	8 [24.92]	9.75	74 [57.08]	90.24	16.50	1	<0.001
		Very large	0 [5.17]	0.00	17 [11.83]	100.00	7.43	1	0.006
	Tot		217	30.39	497	69.61
χ² = 65.87, df = 3, p < 0.001
Southern Europe	Dimension	Small	274 [224.49]	62.70	163 [212.51]	37.30	22.45	1	<0.001
		Medium	11 [34.42]	16.42	56 [32.58]	83.58	32.77	1	<0.001
		Large	11 [26.71]	21.15	41 [25.29]	78.85	19.00	1	<0.001
		Very large	4 [14.38]	14.29	24 [13.62]	85.71	15.40	1	0.001
	Tot		300	51.37	284	48.63
χ² = 89.64, df = 3, p < 0.001
Middle Eastern Europe	Dimension	Small	46 [41.92]	46.00	54 [58.08]	54.00	0.68	1	0.408
		Medium	14 [12.99]	45.16	17 [18.01]	54.84	0.14	1	0.713
		Large	11 [14.67]	31.43	24 [20.33]	68.57	1.58	1	0.209
		Very large	12 [13.41]	37.50	20 [18.59]	62.50	0.26	1	0.613
	Tot		83	41.92	115	58.08
χ² = 2.66, df = 3, p = 0.448
All European areas	Dimension	Small	931 [762.58]	51.52	876 [1,044.42]	48.48	64.36	1	<0.001
		Medium	53 [138.84]	16.11	276 [190.16]	83.89	91.82	1	<0.001
		Large	38 [103.39]	15.51	207 [141.61]	84.49	71.55	1	<0.001
		Very large	17 [34.18]	20.99	64 [46.82]	79.01	14.94	1	<0.001
	Tot		1,039	42.20	1,423	57.80
χ² = 242.68, df = 3, p < 0.001

Presence of student counseling centers in institutions with different legal status in each European geographical area.

The wrong table was inserted for Table 6. The correct table is included below:

Table 6

Geographical area			Students psychological centers				χ²	df	p
			Not reported		reported
			n[expected]	Row %	n[expected]	Row %
Northern Europe	Legal status	Public	71 [64.78]	35.32	130 [136.22]	64.68	0.88	1	0.348
		Private	91 [44.80]	65.47	48 [94.20]	34.53	70.30	1	<0.001
		Private government-dependent	13 [65.42]	6.40	190 [137.58]	93.60	61.98	1	<0.001
	Tot		175	32.23	368	67.77
χ² = 133.18, df = 2, p < 0.001
Eastern Europe	Legal status	Public	156 [168.18]	53.79	134 [121.82]	46.21	2.10	1	0.147
		Private	143 [134.54]	61.64	89 [97.46]	38.36	1.27	1	0.261
		Private government-dependent	13 [9.28]	81.25	3 [6.72]	18.75	3.55	1	0.060
	Tot		312	57.99	226	42.01
χ² = 6.92, df = 2, p = 0.031
Western Europe	Legal status	Public	218 [249.33]	33.85	426 [394.67]	66.15	6.42	1	0.011
		Private	112 [78.98]	54.90	92 [125.02]	45.10	22.53	1	<0.001
		Private government-dependent	32 [33.68]	36.78	55 [53.32]	63.22	0.14	1	0.712
	Tot		362	38.72	573	61.28
χ² = 29.09, df = 2, p < 0.001
Southern Europe	Legal status	Public	151 [175.26]	45.07	184 [159.74]	54.93	7.04	1	0.008
		Private	157 [129.23]	63.56	90 [117.77]	36.44	12.52	1	<0.001
		Private government-dependent	8 [11.51]	36.36	14 [10.49]	63.64	2.25	1	0.134
	Tot		316	52.32	288	47.68
χ² = 21.81, df = 2, p < 0.001
Middle Eastern Europe	Legal status	Public	61 [50.41]	51.69	57 [67.59]	48.31	3.88	1	0.049
		Private	27 [37.59]	30.68	61 [50.41]	69.32	5.21	1	0.023
	Tot		88	42.72	118	57.28
	χ² = 9.860, df = 1, p = 0.002
All European areas	Legal status	Public	657 [704.09]	41.37	931 [883.91]	58.63	5.66	1	0.017
		Private	530 [403.48]	58.24	380 [506.52]	41.76	71.28	1	<0.001
		Private government-dependent	66 [145.43]	20.12	262 [182.57]	79.88	77.94	1	<0.001
	Tot		1,253	44.34	1,573	55.66
χ² = 154.88, df = 2, p < 0.001

Presence of student counseling services in different institution category in each European geographical area.

The wrong table was inserted for Table 7. The correct table is included below:

Table 7

Geographical area			Students psychological centers				χ²	df	p
			Not reported		Reported
			n[expected]	Row %	n[expected]	Row %
Northern Europe	Institution category	University	21 [74.50]	9.05	211 [157.50]	90.95	56.59	1	<0.001
		University of applied sciences	54 [40.46]	42.86	72 [85.54]	57.14	6.67	1	0.010
		Other	100 [60.05]	53.48	87 [126.95]	46.52	39.15	1	<0.001
	Tot		175	32.11	370	67.89
χ² = 102.42, df = 2, p < 0.001
Eastern Europe	Institution category	University	146 [177.70]	47.71	160 [128.30]	52.29	13.49	1	<0.001
		University of applied sciences	8 [8.71]	53.33	7 [6.29]	46.67	0.14	1	0.710
		Other	159 [126.59]	72.94	59 [91.41]	27.06	19.79	1	<0.001
	Tot		313	58.07	226	41.93
χ² = 33.41, df = 2, p < 0.001
Western Europe	Institution category	University	210 [174.75]	46.56	241 [276.25]	53.44	11.61	1	0.001
		University of applied sciences	83 [138.72]	23.18	275 [219.28]	76.82	36.54	1	<0.001
		Other	72 [51.53]	54.14	61 [81.47]	45.86	13.28	1	<0.001
	Tot		365	38.75	577	61.25
χ² = 61.41, df = 2, p < 0.001
Southern Europe	Institution category	University	191 [217.84]	45.80	226 [199.16]	54.20	6.92	1	0.009
		University of applied sciences	58 [49.63]	61.05	37 [45.37]	38.95	2.96	1	0.086
		Other	66 [47.54]	72.53	25 [43.46]	27.47	15.01	1	<0.001
	Tot		315	52.24	288	47.76
χ² = 24.89, df = 2, p < 0.001
Middle Eastern Europe	Institution category	University	72 [76.47]	40.22	107 [102.53]	59.78	0.46	1	0.499
		University of applied sciences	6 [6.41]	40.00	9 [8.59]	60.00	0.05	1	0.831
		Other	10 [5.13]	83.33	2 [6.87]	16.67	8.08	1	0.005
	Tot		88	42.72	118	57.28
χ² = 8.59, df = 1, p = 0.014
All European areas	Institution category	University	640 [702.21]	40.38	945 [882.79]	59.62	9.90	1	0.002
		University of applied sciences	209 [269.81]	34.32	400 [339.19]	65.68	24.61	1	<0.001
		Other	407 [283.98]	63.49	234 [357.02]	36.51	95.68	1	<0.001
	Tot		1,256	44.30	1,579	55.70
χ² = 130.17, df = 2, p < 0.001

Effect estimates of independent variables on the availability of student counseling centers.

The wrong table was inserted for Table 8. The correct table is included below:

Table 8

	B	SE	Wald	df	OR	95% CI		p
						Lower	Lower
Dimension: small			124.66	3.00	Ref			<0.001
Dimension: medium	1.44	0.17	72.37	1.00	4.22	3.03	5.88	<0.001
Dimension: big	1.50	0.20	59.14	1.00	4.50	3.07	6.61	<0.001
Dimension: very big	1.44	0.30	23.76	1.00	4.22	2.37	7.53	<0.001
Legal status: public			27.75	2.00				<0.001
Legal status: private	0.00	0.11	0.00	1.00	1.00	0.81	1.24	0.988
Legal status: private government-dependent	0.91	0.18	26.19	1.00	2.48	1.75	3.51	<0.001
Institution category: university			39.79	2.00	Ref			<0.001
Institution category: University of Applied Sciences	−0.10	0.13	0.64	1.00	0.90	0.70	1.16	0.424
Institution category: other	−0.76	0.13	36.57	1.00	0.47	0.36	0.60	<0.001
Geographical area: Northern Europe			94.91	4.00	Ref			<0.001
Geographical area: Eastern Europe	−0.99	0.15	41.24	1.00	0.37	0.27	0.50	<0.001
Geographical area: Western Europe	0.11	0.14	0.62	1.00	1.12	0.85	1.48	0.430
Geographical area: Southern Europe	−0.89	0.15	35.06	1.00	0.41	0.31	0.55	<0.001
Geographical area: Middle Eastern Europe	−0.88	0.21	17.93	1.00	0.42	0.28	0.62	<0.001
Costant	0.57	0.14	15.97	1.00	1.76			<0.001

Service offered by students counseling centers in different European areas.

Model χ² = 485.56, p < 0.001.

Nagelkerke R² = 0.24.

Accuracy (%) = 69.19%.

The wrong table was inserted for Table 9. The correct table is included below:

Table 9

Geographical area		Psychological service		Counseling		Psychotherapy		Psychiatric services		Career counseling
		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Northern Europe	Not reported	348	93.80	78	21.02	361	97.57	365	98.38	262	70.62
Northern Europe	Reported	23	6.20	293	78.98	9	2.43	6	1.62	109	29.38
Eastern Europe	Not reported	197	85.28	121	52.38	228	98.70	229	99.13	104	45.02
Eastern Europe	Reported	34	14.72	110	47.62	3	1.30	2	0.87	127	54.98
Western Europe	Not reported	462	45.52	345	26.01	595	96.59	607	98.54	379	61.52
Western Europe	Reported	154	15.17	271	43.99	21	3.41	9	1.46	237	38.47
Southern Europe	Not reported	235	78.86	145	48.66	291	97.65	296	99.33	219	73.49
Southern Europe	Reported	63	21.14	153	51.34	7	2.35	2	0.67	79	26.51
Middle Eastern Europe	Not reported	107	90.68	39	33.05	117	99.15	117	99.15	94	45.41
Middle Eastern Europe	Reported	11	9.32	79	66.95	1	0.85	1	0.85	24	11.59
All European areas	Not reported	1,349	82.56	728	44.55	1,592	97.43	1,614	98.78	1,058	64.75
All European areas	Reported	285	17.44	906	55.45	41	2.51	20	1.22	576	35.25

Geographical area		Group counseling		Counseling for disabled students		Psychoeducational counseling		Counseling for foreign students		Sport psychology counseling		Spiritual counseling
		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Northern Europe	Not reported	366	69.66	133	35.85	371	100	370	99.73	371	100	371	100
Northern Europe	Reported	5	1.34	238	64.15	0	0.00	1	0.27	0	0.00	0	0.00
Eastern Europe	Not reported	229	99.13	179	77.49	230	99.57	228	98.70	230	99.57	230	99.57
Eastern Europe	Reported	2	0.87	52	22.51	1	0.43	3	1.30	1	0.43	1	0.43
Western Europe	Not reported	615	99.84	399	64.77	616	100	613	99.51	615	99.86	615	99.84
Western Europe	Reported	1	0.16	217	35.23	0	0.00	3	0.49	1	0.16	1	0.16
Southern Europe	Not reported	297	99.66	175	58.72	282	94.63	294	98.66	298	100	298	100
Southern Europe	Reported	1	0.34	123	41.28	16	5.37	4	1.34	0	0.00	0	0.00
Middle Eastern Europe	Not reported	116	98.31	66	55.93	118	100	118	100	118	100	118	100
Middle Eastern Europe	Reported	2	1.69	52	44.07	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
All European areas	Not reported	1,623	99.33	952	58.26	1,617	98.96	1,623	99.33	1,632	99.88	1,632	99.88
All European areas	Reported	11	0.67	682	41.74	17	1.04	11	0.67	2	0.12	2	0.12
Geographical area		Social counseling		Health counseling		Sexual counseling		Counseling for learning specific disabilities		Phone counseling		Language counseling
Geographical area		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Northern Europe	Not reported	369	99.46	369	99.46	371	100	217	39.24	370	99.73	371	100
Northern Europe	Reported	2	0.54	2	0.54	0	0.00	154	27.85	1	0.27	0	0.00
Eastern Europe	Not reported	231	100	231	100	231	100	229	99.13	231	100	230	99.57
Eastern Europe	Reported	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	2	0.87	0	0.00	1	0.43
Western Europe	Not reported	605	98.21	615	99.84	615	99.84	594	96.43	615	99.84	615	99.84
Western Europe	Reported	11	1.08	1	0.16	1	0.16	22	3.57	1	0.16	1	0.16
Southern Europe	Not reported	298	100	298	100	297	99.66	225	75.50	298	100	298	100
Southern Europe	Reported	0	0.00	0	0.00	1	0.34	73	24.50	0	0.00	0	0.00
Middle Eastern Europe	Not reported	118	100	118	100	118	100	115	97.46	118	100	118	100
Middle Eastern Europe	Reported	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	3	2.54	0	0.00	0	0.00
All European areas	Not reported	1,621	99.20	1,631	99.82	1,632	99.88	1,380	84.46	1,632	99.88	1,632	99.88
All European areas	Reported	13	0.80	3	0.18	2	0.12	254	15.54	2	0.12	2	0.12

Service offered by students counseling centers in different European areas.

The original article has been updated.

Statements

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Summary

Keywords

emerging adulthood, Europe, mental health, students, student counseling centers

Citation

Franzoi IG, Sauta MD, Carnevale G and Granieri A (2025) Correction: Student counseling centers in Europe: a retrospective analysis. Front. Psychol. 16:1645087. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645087

Received

11 June 2025

Accepted

18 August 2025

Published

10 September 2025

Volume

16 - 2025

Edited and reviewed by

Sayyed Mohsen Fatemi, York University, Canada

Updates

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Isabella Giulia Franzoi isabellagiulia.franzoi@unito.it

Disclaimer

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Psychology for Clinical Settings

CORRECTION article

Correction: Student counseling centers in Europe: a retrospective analysis

Statements

Publisher’s note

Summary

Outline

Cite article

Article metrics

CORRECTION article

Correction: Student counseling centers in Europe: a retrospective analysis

Statements

Publisher’s note

Summary

Outline

Cite article

Share article

Article metrics