Psychosocial distress in outpatients with cancer: influence of demographic and medical factors on psychosocial distress and the perceived need of psycho-oncological support

Introduction: Psychosocial distress in cancer patients can have a significant impact on quality of life and adherence to treatment. Psychosocial distress is often systematically recorded in an inpatient setting. Psychosocial distress is also assessed in outpatient oncological care using psycho-oncological screening. However, there is currently little evidence that considers the psychosocial distress, the perceived need for support and the disease-related sociodemographic factors in outpatient cancer patients.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, routine data from N = 868 outpatient cancer patients were analyzed. Psychosocial distress was assessed using the Distress Thermometer (DT) and specific problem areas were identified using the Problem Checklist (PCL). Sociodemographic and medical factors were examined with regard to their influence on the experience of distress and the perceived need for psycho-oncological support.

Results: 46.1% of cancer patients reported high distress (DT ≥ 5) and 10% indicated a perceived need for psycho-oncological support. Younger age, female gender, and the first year after diagnosis were significantly associated with high distress. The most common physical and psychosocial problems included skin problems, exhaustion, sleep disorders, pain, worries, and anxiety.

Discussion: The results underscore the need for standardized distress screening in outpatient care, in order to identify need for support at an early stage and provide targeted interventions. Future studies should examine the factors that may influence utilization in more detail so that barriers can be further reduced and psycho-oncological interventions can be offered in an outpatient setting in a manner that is tailored to needs and requirements.

Introduction

An increasing number of cancer cases are being treated exclusively on a semi-inpatient or outpatient basis (Baumann and Schmitz, 2016), and shorter hospital stays are also leading to a faster transition to the outpatient sector (Bundesamt., D.S, 2023). As a result, cancer patients often seek outpatient clinics, care centers, and specialist practices for their diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care (Hermes-Moll and Heidt, 2019). For many patients, this offers a better quality of life and greater social/family well-being compared to inpatient treatment (Hinz et al., 2018; Martino et al., 2018). The outpatient care structures for patients and their relatives however still have considerable room for improvement compared to the inpatient sector (Singer et al., 2017). In the outpatient setting in particular, referrals to psycho-oncology and utilization by patients appear to be delayed (Rausch et al., 2023). In addition, psychosocial distress and the perceived need for psycho-oncological support are less frequently systematically recorded in outpatient practices than in the inpatient sector, where psycho-oncological screening is a certification-relevant indicator for certified oncology and organ cancer centers (Onkozert, 2022).

In this context, needs-based and target-oriented psycho-oncological care is essential, for example to prevent mental health problems from becoming chronic. Significant psychosocial distress increases the risk of developing a clinically significant mental disorder, with corresponding limitations and consequences (Mehnert-Theuerkauf et al., 2023). Psycho-oncological interventions have long been proven effective in reducing psychosocial stress and improving quality of life (Andersen et al., 2008). Validated screening procedures are effective in identifying these stresses and are therefore anchored in both certification criteria and guidelines (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2020). The psychosocial distress is determined on the basis of subjectively reported distress when a threshold value defined by screening procedures is exceeded (Stengel et al., 2021). The perceived need for support is also assessed based on the patient’s subjective indication of a desire for psycho-oncological support (Dinkel et al., 2024).

A large number of studies in inpatient settings have shown that cancer is associated with high psychosocial distress (Meggiolaro et al., 2016; Mehnert et al., 2018; Peters et al., 2020). Approximately 50% (Mehnert et al., 2018) to 65% (Peters et al., 2020) of inpatients with cancer report significantly high psychosocial distress. A narrative summary of the stress areas by Shivappa et al. (2024) shows the wide range of stress experienced by cancer patients. There are comparatively fewer studies on the burden on outpatient cancer patients, partly due to the frequent lack of routine data. In outpatient care, a 2018 study found that 49.7% of patients receiving outpatient treatment showed significant distress, which is no different from the prevalence in the inpatient sector (Mehnert et al., 2018). Outpatients with cancer have the greatest need for support in the area of psycho-oncology, followed by needs related to the healthcare system and information needs. On average, they report 12 problems in the areas of practical, emotional, family, spiritual, and physical problems (Rosenberger et al., 2012).

In order to identify patients with higher risk of psychosocial distress, possible risk factors and influencing factors need to be identified. In general, female gender, younger age, and advanced stages of cancer may be associated with higher psychosocial distress (Peters et al., 2020). There are heterogeneous findings regarding the treatment goal, somatic factors, and their influence on stress (Mitchell et al., 2011a; Riedl and Schüßler, 2022), with stress being particularly high in the first months after diagnosis (Lee and Hong, 2025) and patients with gynecological tumors have the highest stress levels and prostate cancer patients the lowest (Mehnert et al., 2018). In addition, there are factors that have a positive effect on the use of psycho-oncological support. In outpatients, younger age, higher educational attainment, higher psychosocial stress, low emotional well-being, lack of social support, and recommendation by the treating oncologist were found to be predictors of the desire for and the use of support (Riedl et al., 2018; Frey Nascimento et al., 2019). In patients transitioning from inpatient to outpatient uro-oncological treatment, younger age and higher anxiety levels were also found to be predictors of subsequent use of outpatient support (Fugmann et al., 2025).

However, there is a lack of studies that examine psychosocial stressors and perceived needs as well as risks and influencing factors in large populations with mixed entities. In Germany, too, there are no studies that focus on the outpatient oncology care system. Consequently, the present study aims to (a) analyze the demand based on psychosocial distress and the perceived need among cancer patients of various entities receiving outpatient treatment in Germany, and (b) identify sociodemographic and medical factors influencing psychosocial distress, the perceived need for psycho-oncological support, and individual problem areas.

Methods

Study design

The retrospective observational study was conducted using cross-sectional routine data from outpatient distress screening at the Medical University of Hanover and was collected between July 2016 and July 2024. As part of the certification process, it is specified that patients in outpatient care receive the questionnaire once every 3 months. Criteria for receiving the screening questionnaire were a confirmed cancer diagnosis and sufficient German language skills and cognitive abilities to complete the questionnaire independently. Completion of the screening was voluntary and could be refused without giving reasons, although no data on the number and reasons for refusal are available as part of routine clinical practice. The completed screening questionnaires were combined with information on age, gender, outpatient clinic, date of initial diagnosis, cancer entity according to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) from the hospital information system and then anonymized for further analysis. Cases with multiple missing information were excluded from the analysis.

Measuring instruments

Distress thermometer and problem list

To assess the need for psycho-oncological support, the Distress Thermometer (DT) was used in combination with the Problem Checklist (PCL) of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) (Mehnert et al., 2006; Weis et al., 2022). The DT is a valid, easy-to-use ultra-short screening tool that measures the acute stress experienced by cancer patients on a scale of 0 to 10. The corresponding item is: “Please circle the number (0–10) that best describes how distressed you have felt in the last week, including today (0 = not at all distressed; 10 = extremely distressed).” The cut-off value for high distress is ≥ 5, values ≥ 8 are interpreted as “severe distress” (Mitchell et al., 2011b).

The problem list supplements the DT with more detailed information by summarizing specific problem areas into five superordinate problem areas with a total of 36 items [practical (5), family (2), emotional (6), spiritual/religious (2), physical (21)] using a binary yes/no question.

The perceived need is also assessed in a separate question using a binary yes/no query: “Would you currently like counseling or support from psycho-oncology?”

The screening questionnaires were given to patients in paper form during their appointments at the respective outpatient clinics and were completed on site.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis of the data was performed using IBM SPSS software, version 29.0.0. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to verify the distribution assumptions. The data were not normally distributed but the sample size was sufficient. The categorization of age groups is based on the categories proposed in a study by Meeker et al. (2017). Tumor entities were categorized according to the official ICD-10 classification (DIMDI (Deutsches Institut für Medizinische Dokumentation und Information), 2020), and disease stage was classified according to the official group classification of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). Unpaired t-tests and one-factor ANOVAs with subsequent Tukey post-hoc tests were calculated for group comparison. In cases where Levene’s tests showed that the assumption of variance homogeneity was violated, the more robust Welch ANOVA with subsequent Games-Howell post hoc tests was interpreted. For the analysis of risk factors, odds ratios were calculated using cross tables. To ensure voluntary participation, not all participants completed all parts of the questionnaire, which is why the individual sample sizes may vary. Significance was set at α = 0.05.

Results

Sample

A total of N = 868 screenings of outpatients with cancer were available, of whom 58.8% (n = 510) were male (see Table 1). The age range was between 27 and 97 years (M = 64.46, SD = 14.07).

Table 1

Table 1. Sociodemographic and medical data of the sample (N = 868).

Psychosocial distress and perceived need as well as problem areas of outpatients with cancer

46.1% (n = 347) of patients reported clinically significant psychosocial distress (DT cut-off value ≥5), including 13.1% (n = 99) who reported very high psychosocial distress (cut-off ≥8).

In the entire sample, 10% of patients (n = 87) stated that they would like to receive support from psycho-oncology (perceived need).

The most frequently reported physical problems in the problem list were dry/itchy skin (39.7%), exhaustion (37.7%), sleep problems (32.0), and pain (31.8%), while the most frequently reported psychological problems were worries (33.6%) and anxiety (31.5%) (see Table 2). On average, patients reported 4.65 (SD = 4.35, [0,24]) of the 34 problems listed. 15.5% (n = 126) of patients reported experiencing none of the symptoms. Half of the participants reported 3 or more problems (Mdn = 3.00).

Table 2

Table 2. Frequency of problems (PCL) in the total sample (N = 868) and for female (n = 353) and male (n = 510) patients.

Factors influencing psychosocial distress, perceived need, and problem areas

Psychosocial distress

No significant differences in psychosocial distress were found with regard to work situation [F(4, 692) = 1.95, p = 0.101], marital status [F(3, 725) = 1.59, p = 0.191], patients with or without children (95% CI [−0.17; 0.69], t(322.96) = 1.21, p = 0.227), number of children [Welch test F(1, 291,734) = 1.18, p = 0.278], of which minors [F(4, 11.57) = 1.67, p = 0.155], UICC stage [F(3, 634) = 1.42, p = 0.235], and number of cancer diagnoses [F(6, 733) = 1.21, p = 0.301].

Significant differences were found for gender, age group, cancer diagnoses, time since diagnosis, and desire for support. Women reported significantly higher distress (n = 156, 49.2%) than men (n = 190, 43.8%) (M_female = 4.38, SD = 2.59; M_male = 3.98, SD = 2.66, 95% CI [0.02, 0.78], t(749) = 2.06, p = 0.040). The age groups (see Figure 1) differed statistically significantly in terms of average distress scores [F(2, 80.156) = 11.81, p < 0.001] in the middle age group (50–64 years, M = 4.73, SD = 2.65) and older age (≥65 years, M = 3.72, SD = 2.09, p < 0.001, 1.007, 95% CI [0.52, 1.50]).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Frequency (in %) of distress levels measured with the distress thermometer in the age groups.

There was a statistically significant difference in cancer diagnoses [Welch test F(9, 64.39) = 10.44, p < 0.001] in terms of distress, with patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasms of the respiratory organs and other intrathoracic organs (C30-C39) showing particularly high distress scores. Tukey HSD post-hoc tests showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in the distress scores of these patients (M = 7.33, SD = 2.11) compared to patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasms of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (C00–C14) (M = 3.76, SD = 0.72, [1.50, 6.04] p < 0.001), malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs (C15–C26) (M = 3.49, SD = 0.52[1.82, 5.17] p < 0.001), malignant neoplasms of the skin (C43–C44) (M = 3.42, SD = 0.42, −3.421, [2.10, 4.74] p < 0.001), malignant neoplasms of female genital organs (C51–C58) (C15–C26) (M = 4.04, SD = 1.03[0.76, 7.32] p = 0.004), malignant neoplasms of the male genital organs (C60–C63) (C15–C26) (M = 2.48, SD = 0.70 [0.25, 4.71] p = 0.016), malignant neoplasms of urinary organs (C64–C68) (C15–C26) (M = 2.39, SD = 0.75 [0.02, 4.75] p = 0.046), malignant neoplasms of unspecified, secondary or unspecified sites (C76–C80) (M = 3.26, SD = 0.49, [1.69, 4.82] p < 0.001) and malignant neoplasms of lymphatic, hematopoietic, and related tissues (C81–C96) (M = 3.76, SD = 0.69 [1.58, 5.97] p < 0.001).

Patients in the first year after diagnosis showed statistically significantly higher distress scores (M = 4.50, SD = 2.56) than patients whose diagnosis was more than 1 year ago (M = 3.96, SD = 2.67, 95% CI [0.14, 0.93], t(751) = 2.65, p = 0.008).

Problem areas

Women most frequently reported dry/itchy skin (46.5%), exhaustion (42.9%), and pain (41.9%), while men reported dry/itchy skin (34.9%), worry (35.0%), and exhaustion (33.8%) (see Table 3). There is a statistically significant difference in the number of emotional problems reported between the sexes, with female patients reporting an average of 0.34 more problems (M = 1.37, SD = 1.69) than male patients (M = 1.03, SD = 1.49, 95% CI [0.11, 0.57], t(586.62) = 2.82, p = 0.005, d = 0.21). There was also a statistically significant difference in the number of physical problems reported, with female patients reporting an average of 1.22 more problems (female: M = 3.65, SD = 3.15; male: M = 2.43, SD = 2.62, 95% CI [0.44, 2.01], t(173.61) = 3.09, p = 0.002, d = 0.42).

Table 3

Table 3. Gender differences in the Problem Checklist (PCL).

With regard to age groups, there is a shift in the three most frequently mentioned problems with increasing age, from a dominance of psychological and physical problems such as worry (56.6%) exhaustion (50.5%) and anxiety (44.4%) among those under 50 to a predominance of physical problems such as dry/itchy skin (40.2%), pain (31.2%) and problems with movement and mobility (31.1%) among those aged 65 and over. In the overarching problem areas (see Table 4), statistically significant differences were found in the number of practical problems reported [Welch test F(2, 256.60) = 3.69, p = 0.026], family problems [Welch test F(2, 245.62) = 4.62, p = 0.011], emotional problems [Welch test F(2, 254.12) = 13.37, p < 0.001], and spiritual problems [Welch test F(2, 214.01) = 4.75, p = 0.010].

Table 4

Table 4. Differences between age groups in terms of the number of different problems according to the area of the Problem Checklist (PCL).

Correlation between problem areas and psychosocial distress

Looking at the most frequently mentioned problems (dry/itchy skin, exhaustion, and worry), it can be seen that the presence of one (OR = 4.50, 95% CI [3.20, 6.34], p < 0.001) or two (OR = 2.92, 95% CI [2.04, 4.17], p < 0.001) of these symptoms, there is an increased likelihood of experiencing high psychological distress. When all three symptoms (dry/itchy skin, exhaustion, and worry) are present, the risk of high distress is almost nine times higher compared to patients who did not report these problems (OR = 8.76, 95% CI [4.41, 17.42], p < 0.001).

Perceived need

There was no statistically significant difference between the sexes, t(654.59) = 1.10, p = 0.272. There were also no statistically significant differences in the perceived need for psycho-oncological support with regard to the number of cancer diagnoses [Welch test F(4, 101.32) = 2.09, p = 0.088], patients with or without children [Welch test F(1, 263.18) = 3.13, p = 0.078], and the number of minor children [F(4, 693) = 1.67, p = 0.155].

A statistically significant difference was found for the age groups [Welch test F(2, 268.87) = 6.54, p = 0.002]. Middle-aged patients (50–64 years) (M = 1.15, SD = 0.36) significantly more likely to desire psycho-oncological support than older patients (M = 1.07, SD = 0.24, 0.08, 95% CI [0.02, 0.14], p = 0.004). Working patients (M = 1.16, SD = 0.02) also reported a statistically significant higher perceived need than retired patients (M = 1.08, SD = 0.27, 0.09, 95% CI [0.01, 0.16], p = 0.015).

The UICC stage [Welch test F(3, 103.30) = 3.92, p = 0.01] has a significant influence on perceived need for psycho-oncological support. Patients with UICC stage I (M = 1.72, SD = 0.45) significantly less often wanted psycho-oncological support than patients with stage III (M = 1.92, SD = 0.27, 0.72, 95% CI [−0.39, −0.01], p = 0.032). and stage IV (M = 1.91, SD = 0.29, 0.071, 95% CI [−0.38, 0.00], p = 0.05).

Patients who had been diagnosed within the first year (M = 1.83, SD = 0.37) significantly more often desired psycho-oncological support than those who had been diagnosed more than 12 months earlier (M = 1.92, SD = 0.28, t(424.18) = 3.29, 95% CI [−0.136, −0.034], p < 0.001). In addition, patients with high distress scores (≥5) (M = 1.79, SD = 0.41) reported more often a perceived need for psycho-oncological support than patients with low distress scores (0–4) (M = 1.97, SD = 0.17, 95% CI [0.13, 0.23], t(425.33) = 7.52, p < 0.001, d = 0.60).

Correlation between psychosocial distress and the perceived need

N = 70 (8.1%) patients reported high distress levels and a perceived need for psycho-oncological support. N = 12 (1.4%) showed a perceived need without reporting psychosocial distress, and n = 259 (29.8%) patients reported high psychosocial distress but denied a perceived need (see Figure 2).

Figure 2

Figure 2. Comparison of psychosocial distress (DT value ≥5) and perceived need for psycho-oncological support.

There was a statistically significant correlation between psychosocial distress and perceived need (χ²(1) = 58.69, p < 0.001, φ = 0.29). Patients who expressed a need for support (perceived need) showed statistically significantly higher levels of psychosocial distress (M = 6.57, SD = 2.25) than patients who did not express this need (M = 3.80, SD = 2.53, 95% CI [2.24, 3.30], t(109.24) = 10.36, p < 0.001).

Discussion

The aim of the present study was to investigate psychosocial distress, the most common problem areas, and the perceived need for psycho-oncological support among outpatient cancer patients, as well as factors influencing psychosocial distress. Overall, 46.1% of patients reported high psychosocial distress (DT ≥ 5). 13.1% reported severe distress (DT ≥ 8). The results are thus consistent with previous findings in the outpatient setting, where 49.7% of patients treated on an outpatient basis showed significant distress (Mehnert et al., 2018). Lower prevalence rates were found by Riedl et al. (2018) in an outpatient radiation therapy cohort, where the stress rate was 20%, measured with the Hornheider screening instrument. Lehmann-Laue et al. (2019) showed slightly higher mean values in the DT of M = 5.8 in a study conducted in a cancer counseling center compared to the present study with M = 4.15 (Lehmann-Laue et al., 2019). In a comparable study by Peters et al. (2020) in which inpatients were surveyed using the same questionnaire, 65.9% reported increased distress. One possible explanation for the difference between inpatients and outpatients was provided by a study by Hinz et al. (2018), in which inpatients reported a significantly poorer quality of life compared to outpatients.

In the present outpatient sample, almost every second person feels psychologically distressed. This confirms that distress screening and psycho-oncological support are also essential for the holistic recovery of patients in an outpatient setting. However, only 10% of those affected also expressed a perceived need for psycho-oncological support. This is consistent with the findings of Wünsch et al. (2024), according to which only 11% of outpatient skin cancer patients actively expressed a desire for counseling. Other studies also show this discrepancy between the significant need and the subjective lack of need for support among cancer patients (Clover et al., 2015; Riedl et al., 2018; Wünsch et al., 2024). Clover et al. (2015) surveyed reasons for not taking advantage of psycho-oncological support services. The most common reasons given were the desire to cope with the stress themselves (46%), already receiving help (24%), and not considering their own stress to be serious enough (23%). Patients most frequently cite a lack of perceived need, a lack of information about psycho-oncology, logistical problems, a lack of trust in psychosocial services, fear of stigmatization, and a lack of recommendations from their primary care providers (Dilworth et al., 2014; Betker et al., 2025). These findings are reflected in the recommendation to combine screening procedures with information about support services and feedback on the screening results to patients, together with a personalized recommendation (Carlson et al., 2012; Frey Nascimento et al., 2019; Stengel et al., 2021; Dreismann et al., 2023). Dreismann et al. (2023) emphasize the importance of training the clinical team in screening procedures, communication regarding screening results, providing information about psycho-oncological support services and personalized communication to reduce barriers in support uptake.

In the present sample, younger patients (<50 years) and female patients showed significantly higher distress scores. These findings are consistent with previous studies (Carlson et al., 2004; Meggiolaro et al., 2016; Carlson et al., 2019; Peters et al., 2020; Erdoğan Yüce et al., 2021). However, differences were found depending on the cancer diagnosis. Patients with lung cancer reported the highest stress levels. Nevertheless, earlier studies also show heterogeneous findings regarding diagnosis-specific differences in distress experiences. There are assumptions about the general and individual influence of the intensity of the necessary treatment measures, the assessment of prognoses, and the degree of influence of the specific type of cancer on everyday life, as well as individual coping strategies or social support (Peters et al., 2020).

The present study identified the first year of cancer (up to and including 12 months after diagnosis) as a risk factor for high distress. This finding is consistent with previous studies and confirms the assumption that coming to terms with the diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and acute treatments are particularly stressful at the beginning and that early support services are very important (Erdoğan Yüce et al., 2021).

The report of higher stress levels among women was also associated with a significantly higher number of mental and physical problems in the PCL of female patients compared to male patients. However, gender differences should not be interpreted exclusively as a biological factor. Rather, psychosocial variables such as socialization, communication and expression of emotions, social support, gender-specific roles and expectations, health behavior, and socially influenced coping strategies could be influencing factors and explain a larger proportion of the gender discrepancy (Mehnert et al., 2018; Hoffer-Pober and Strametz-Juranek, 2020).

Overall, the average number of problems reported per patient (4.7 out of a possible 34) is moderate. In the study by Lehmann-Laue et al. (2019), an average of 14 problems per patient were reported, although the sample in this study consisted of patients at a psychosocial counseling center who had specifically sought psycho-oncological support. The most frequently reported problem in the entire sample were physical symptoms such as dry/itchy skin. Dry and itchy skin is a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiation therapy (Almeida et al., 2023). The data on other problem areas are similar to the findings of other research groups (Carlson et al., 2004; Grassi et al., 2011; Lehmann-Laue et al., 2019; Mehnert et al., 2018). People with multiple problems of this kind show up to nine times higher risk of high distress compared to patients without these problems.

An important research gap was a comparison between the psychosocial distress and the perceived need in outpatient oncology patients. The results show that patients with high distress significantly more often want psycho-oncological support (perceived need) than less distressed patients. Faller et al. (2016) also showed in earlier studies that 51.2% of patients with psychosocial distress also had a perceived need (Faller et al., 2016). The current findings therefore reaffirm the importance of conducting distress screenings for all patients, including those in outpatient care, and of offering psycho-oncological support as a basis for targeted psycho-oncological care.

Strengths and weaknesses

One advantage of this study is the large sample of outpatients and the routine data collected in a practical setting. Nevertheless, the study has some limitations. Due to its cross-sectional design, no causal conclusions or statements can be made about individual changes and long-term developments in psychosocial distress. In addition, there is a lack of information about which patients had already received psycho-oncological support and whether their stress levels improved as a result. However, this would be of empirical interest due to the duration of outpatient therapy, the long-term need for psycho-oncological counseling, and the sometimes lifelong effects of cancer. A further limitation arises from the need to maintain voluntariness, anonymity, and consideration for the sensitive data of patients, which resulted in very large individual sample differences due to incompletely filled out questionnaires. Furthermore, the data was obtained from routinely collected questionnaires. This poses the difficulty that no conclusions can be drawn about the rejection rate or the reasons for non-participation. This is a common problem in routine data collection and could lead to data distortion. It cannot be ruled out that patients who refuse preventive screening do not also differ systematically from those who participate. Future studies could use a longitudinal design to investigate how distress and the need for support change over the course of the disease, as well as factors that prevent patients from seeking psycho-oncological support. In addition, the present sample was dominated by skin cancer patients, which limits the generalizability to all patient groups and must be taken into account when interpreting the results. Further studies should therefore also take into account psychosocial distress and the perceived need for support in different types of cancer.

Conclusion

The present results offer important implications for psycho-oncological care in outpatient oncology. Given the high prevalence of psychosocial distress in the outpatient setting and the number of challenges they have to face (Arndt et al., 2021; Ernst et al., 2024), the findings underscore the need for standardized distress screening in outpatient cancer care as well, both in the long term and during all phases of cancer and treatment, as well as afterward. Routine assessment allows support needs to be identified at an early stage, addressed in a targeted manner, and accompanied appropriately. Risk factors such as younger patients, women, lung cancer patients, and patients in their first year of illness were identified. This calls for greater awareness of the affected risk groups among healthcare professionals. Against the backdrop of the current challenges facing the healthcare sector and outpatient care in particular, tailored intervention services such as specific group services for younger patients with high levels of distress could pool resources in the best possible way and actively reach affected patients. More flexible support formats in terms of time and location, such as online or telephone-based support services, could also increase take-up in outpatient care in particular if they are actively promoted and easily accessible (Wünsch et al., 2024).

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Author contributions

HZ: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. LD: Writing – review & editing, Data curation. PH: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Data curation, Conceptualization. TZ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Supervision.

Funding

The author(s) declared that financial support was not received for this work and/or its publication.

Conflict of interest

The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Generative AI statement

The author(s) declared that Generative AI was not used in the creation of this manuscript.

Any alternative text (alt text) provided alongside figures in this article has been generated by Frontiers with the support of artificial intelligence and reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, including review by the authors wherever possible. If you identify any issues, please contact us.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

Almeida, V., Pires, D., Silva, M., Teixeira, M., Teixeira, R. J., Louro, A., et al. (2023). Dermatological side effects of Cancer treatment: psychosocial implications—a systematic review of the literature. Healthcare 11:2621. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11192621,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Andersen, B. L., Yang, H. C., Farrar, W. B., Golden-Kreutz, D. M., Emery, C. F., Thornton, L. M., et al. (2008). Psychologic intervention improves survival for breast cancer patients: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 113, 3450–3458. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23969,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Arndt, V., Dahm, S., and Kraywinkel, K. (2021). Krebsprävalenz in Deutschland 2017. Onkologe 27, 717–723. doi: 10.1007/s00761-021-00988-7

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Baumann, W., and Schmitz, S. (2016). Entwicklungen in der onkologischen Versorgung. Onkologe 22, 158–166. doi: 10.1007/s00761-016-0003-y

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Betker, L., Buch, K., Berlin, P., Carrasco, A. J. P., Knorrenschild, J. R., Seifart, C., et al. (2025). Barriers and facilitators for the utilisation of psycho-oncological services in German hospitals as perceived by patients and healthcare professionals: a mixed-methods study. BMC Health Serv. Res. 25:851. doi: 10.1186/s12913-025-13053-5,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Bundesamt., D.S. (2023) 'Hospital facilities'. Available online at: https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Health/_Graphic/_Interactive/hospital-facilities.html (Accessed June 19, 2025).

Google Scholar

Carlson, L. E., Angen, M., Cullum, J., Goodey, E., Koopmans, J., Lamont, L., et al. (2004). High levels of untreated distress and fatigue in cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer 90:2297. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601887,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Carlson, L. E., Waller, A., and Mitchell, A. J. (2012). Screening for distress and unmet needs in patients with cancer: review and recommendations. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, 1160–1177. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.5509,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Carlson, L. E., Zelinski, E. L., Toivonen, K. I., Sundstrom, L., Jobin, C. T., Damaskos, P., et al. (2019). Prevalence of psychosocial distress in cancer patients across 55 north American cancer centers. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 37, 5–21. doi: 10.1080/07347332.2018.1521490,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Clover, K. A., Mitchell, A. J., Britton, B., and Carter, G. (2015). Why do oncology outpatients who report emotional distress decline help? Psychooncology 24, 812–818. doi: 10.1002/pon.3729,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Dilworth, S., Higgins, I., Parker, V., Kelly, B., and Turner, J. (2014). Patient and health professional's perceived barriers to the delivery of psychosocial care to adults with cancer: a systematic review. Psychooncology 23, 601–612. doi: 10.1002/pon.3474,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

DIMDI (Deutsches Institut für Medizinische Dokumentation und Information). (2020). ICD-10-GM Version 2021, Systematisches Verzeichnis, Internationale statistische Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme, 10. Revision, Stand: 18. September 2020. Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit (BMG) unter Beteiligung der Arbeitsgruppe ICD des Kuratoriums für Fragen der Klassifikation im Gesundheitswesen (KKG). German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices.

Google Scholar

Dinkel, A., Goerling, U., Hentschel, L., Hornemann, B., Hönig, K., Karger, A., et al. (2024). Best Practice: Empfehlungen zur psychoonkologischen Versorgung in einem von der Deutschen Krebshilfe geförderten Comprehensive Cancer Center. Forum 39, 294–301. doi: 10.1007/s12312-024-01351-8

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Dreismann, L., Schoknecht, K., Vogel, A., and Zimmermann, T. (2023). Should i call psycho-oncology? Training nurses on psycho-oncological screening reduces uncertainties. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 149. doi: 10.1007/s00432-023-04936-3,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Erdoğan Yüce, G., Döner, A., and Muz, G. (2021). Psychological distress and its association with unmet needs and symptom burden in outpatient Cancer patients: a cross-sectional study. Semin. Oncol. Nurs. 37:151214. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151214,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Ernst, J., Heyne, S., Mehnert-Theuerkauf, A., and Kuhnt, S. (2024). Ambulante Krebsberatungsstellen (KBS) in Deutschland – Versorgungsauftrag, Leistungsspektrum, Finanzierung. Die Onkol. 30, 394–399. doi: 10.1007/s00761-024-01498-y

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Faller, H., Weis, J., Koch, U., Brähler, E., Härter, M., Keller, M., et al. (2016). Perceived need for psychosocial support depending on emotional distress and mental comorbidity in men and women with cancer. J. Psychosom. Res. 81, 24–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.12.004

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Frey Nascimento, A., Tondorf, T., Rothschild, S. I., Koller, M. T., Rochlitz, C., Kiss, A., et al. (2019). Oncologist recommendation matters!—predictors of psycho-oncological service uptake in oncology outpatients. Psycho-Oncology 28, 351–357. doi: 10.1002/pon.4948,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Fugmann, D., Holsteg, S., Schäfer, R., Kreuznacht, L., Speer, D., Niegisch, G., et al. (2025). Use of follow-up psycho-oncology consultations in urological cancer after transition from inpatient to outpatient care. Oncol. Res. Treat. 48, 4–13. doi: 10.1159/000542458,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Grassi, L., Rossi, E., Caruso, R., Nanni, M. G., Pedrazzi, S., Sofritti, S., et al. (2011). Educational intervention in cancer outpatient clinics on routine screening for emotional distress: an observational study. Psychooncology 20, 669–674. doi: 10.1002/pon.1944,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Hermes-Moll, K., and Heidt, V. (2019). Wandel der ambulanten onkologischen Versorgung und die Folgen. InFo Hämatologie+ Onkologie 22, 68–71. doi: 10.1007/s15004-019-6582-1

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Hinz, A., Weis, J., Faller, H., Brähler, E., Härter, M., Keller, M., et al. (2018). Quality of life in cancer patients-a comparison of inpatient, outpatient, and rehabilitation settings. Support Care Cancer 26, 3533–3541. doi: 10.1007/s00520-018-4211-4,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Hoffer-Pober, A., and Strametz-Juranek, J. (2020). Genderaspekte im Gesundheitsverhalten, bei Krankheitsbewältigung und sozialer Unterstützung. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 170, 340–347. doi: 10.1007/s10354-020-00747-0

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Lee, J. Y., and Hong, S. (2025). Psychological distress in newly diagnosed patients with gastrointestinal cancer: a scoping review. Asia Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs. 12:100672. doi: 10.1016/j.apjon.2025.100672,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Lehmann-Laue, A., Danker, H., Schröter, K., Friedrich, M., Mehnert, A., and Ernst, J. (2019). Psychosoziale Versorgung von Krebspatienten in einer Krebsberatungsstelle an einem Universitätsklinikum. PPmP-Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol, 69, 20–28. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-124442,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Martino, M., Ciavarella, S., De Summa, S., Russo, L., Meliambro, N., Imbalzano, L., et al. (2018). A comparative assessment of quality of life in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation through an outpatient and inpatient model. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 24, 608–613. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.09.021,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Meeker, C. R., Wong, Y. N., Egleston, B. L., Hall, M. J., Plimack, E. R., Martin, L. P., et al. (2017). Distress and financial distress in adults with Cancer: an age-based analysis. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 15, 1224–1233. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2017.0161,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Meggiolaro, E., Berardi, M. A., Andritsch, E., Nanni, M. G., Sirgo, A., Samorì, E., et al. (2016). Cancer patients' emotional distress, coping styles and perception of doctor-patient interaction in European cancer settings. Palliat. Support. Care 14, 204–211. doi: 10.1017/S1478951515000760,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Mehnert, A., Hartung, T. J., Friedrich, M., Vehling, S., Brähler, E., Härter, M., et al. (2018). One in two cancer patients is significantly distressed: prevalence and indicators of distress. Psychooncology 27, 75–82. doi: 10.1002/pon.4464,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Mehnert, A. M., Müller, D., Lehmann, C., and Koch, U. (2006). Die deutsche Version des NCCN Distress-Thermometers. Z. Psychiatr. Psychol. Psychother. 54, 213–223. doi: 10.1024/1661-4747.54.3.213

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Mehnert-Theuerkauf, A., Hufeld, J. M., Esser, P., Goerling, U., Hermann, M., Zimmermann, T., et al. (2023). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychosocial distress, and perceived need for psychosocial support in cancer patients and their relatives stratified by biopsychosocial factors: rationale, study design, and methods of a prospective multi-center observational cohort study (LUPE study). Front. Psychol. 14:1125545. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1125545,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Mitchell, A. J., Chan, M., Bhatti, H., Halton, M., Grassi, L., Johansen, C., et al. (2011a). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. Lancet Oncol. 12, 160–174. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70002-X

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Mitchell, A. J., Hussain, N., Grainger, L., and Symonds, P. (2011b). Identification of patient-reported distress by clinical nurse specialists in routine oncology practice: a multicentre UK study. Psychooncology 20, 1076–1083. doi: 10.1002/pon.1815

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2020) NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines) – distress management. Available online at: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/distress.pdf (Accessed 29th January).

Google Scholar

Onkozert (2022). Erhebungsbogen Onkologische Zentren. Available online at: https://www.onkozert.de/onkologische-zentren/ (Accessed September 19, 2022).

Google Scholar

Peters, L., Brederecke, J., Franzke, A., de Zwaan, M., and Zimmermann, T. (2020). Psychological distress in a sample of inpatients with mixed cancer - a cross-sectional study of routine clinical data. Front. Psychol. 11:591771. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.5917

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Rausch, R., Bäuerle, A., Rentrop, V., Jansen, C., Nensa, F., Palm, S., et al. (2023). Falling off the screening grid—predictors for postponed utilization of psycho-oncological support in cancer patients and its implications for distress assessment and management. Psycho-Oncology 32, 1727–1735. doi: 10.1002/pon.6226,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Riedl, D., Gastl, R., Gamper, E., Arnold, C. R., Dejaco, D., Schoellmann, F., et al. (2018). Cancer patients’ wish for psychological support during outpatient radiation therapy. Strahlenther. Onkol. 194, 655–663. doi: 10.1007/s00066-018-1288-0,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Riedl, D., and Schüßler, G. (2022). Factors associated with and risk factors for depression in cancer patients–a systematic literature review. Transl. Oncol. 16:101328. doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101328,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Rosenberger, C., Höcker, A., Cartus, M., Schulz-Kindermann, F., Härter, M., and Mehnert, A. (2012). Angehörige und Patienten in der ambulanten psychoonkologischen Versorgung: Zugangswege, psychische Belastungen und Unterstützungsbedürfnisse. PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie 62, 185–194. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1304994

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Shivappa, P., Bernhardt, G. V., Gatti, P., and Radhakrishnan, V. (2024). Exploring psychosocial distress in cancer patients and survivors: a quick overview. New Emirates Medical Journal 5. doi: 10.2174/0102506882320073240612103802

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Singer, S., Hornemann, B., Bruns, G., and Petermann-Meyer, A. (2017). Die Versorgungslandschaft in der Psychoonkologie. Nervenheilkunde 36, 949–953. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1636899

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Stengel, A., Dinkel, A., Karger, A., Kusch, M., Hentschel, L., Herschbach, P., et al. (2021). Best practice: psychoonkologisches screening an comprehensive Cancer centers. Forum 36, 278–283. doi: 10.1007/s12312-021-00944-x

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Weis, J., Brehm, F., Hufeld, J., Blettner, G., Bruns, G., Gruber, H., et al. (2022). Die Aktualisierung der S3-Leitlinie “Psychoonkologische Diagnostik, Beratung und Behandlung von erwachsenen Krebspatienten”. Die Onkol. 28, 812–817. doi: 10.1007/s00761-022-01194-9

Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Wünsch, A., Jeske, N., Röderer, N., and Meiss, F. (2024). Ambulantes psychosoziales Screening in einem Hautkrebszentrum: Akzeptanz, psychosoziale Belastung und Inanspruchnahme von Beratungsangeboten. Die Dermatol. 75, 629–639. doi: 10.1007/s00105-024-05347-2,

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar