ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Sports Act. Living
Sec. Sports Management, Marketing, and Economics
Volume 7 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1569455
Impact of a Hybrid Exercise Intervention on Subjective Happiness and Self-Perceived Health of Workers: a case study
Provisionally accepted
- 1Department of Economics and Business Management, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- 2Real Madrid Graduate School, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
- 3European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
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Introduction: Physical activity-based workplace wellness programs (WPPA) are effective in improving health, well-being, and productivity among workers. Despite this, smaller organizations often face challenges in implementing these initiatives. This study assesses the effects of a structured hybrid exercise program, delivered by fitness centers, on subjective happiness, self-perceived health, and physical metrics in Spanish workers during the post-COVID period.Methods: A pilot study was conducted over three months with 44 participants (45.5% male, 54.5% female) who were sedentary or overweight. The program included a combination of online and inperson exercise sessions. Pre-and post-intervention data were collected using validated tools, such as the SF-36 for self-perceived health and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Statistical methods included paired t-tests and multivariate analyses.Results: The intervention led to significant improvements in subjective happiness (p = 0.034; d = 0.33) and several dimensions of self-perceived health, including vitality and general health (p < 0.01; d > 0.50). Overall physical and mental health scores showed moderate enhancements, reflecting the program's effectiveness.Discussion: The findings demonstrate the potential of hybrid exercise interventions as a practical solution for promoting well-being and happiness in small and medium-sized enterprises that cannot afford to build workplace gyms.
Keywords: subjective happiness, Worker well-being, physical activity, hybrid exercise interventions, Self-perceived health, small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
Received: 31 Jan 2025; Accepted: 14 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Núñez-Sánchez, Einsle, López-Fernández and Jiménez Díaz-Benito. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Carmen Sarah Einsle, Real Madrid Graduate School, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
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