"More players can reach national and international levels": Coaches perceptions of 'birthday-banding' in youth squash and its potential for minimising relative age effects

Adam Leigh Kelly^1*Achuthan Shanmugaratnam¹Kathryn Johnston²Joe Baker²Matthew Ferguson³Mark Jeffreys¹Josh Taylor⁴Alexander B.T. McAuley¹

• ¹Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
• ²University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• ³University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
• ⁴The Fit Club, North West, United Kingdom

Relative age effects (RAEs) are common across many youth sports that use age group structures to band athletes. This creates a significant overrepresentation of those who are born near the start of the selection cut-off date across talent pathways compared to those born towards the end. In an attempt to identify, select, and develop the most talented squash players based upon their long-term potential, England Squash designed and implemented the 'birthday-banding' approach (i.e., athletes compete with and against those of the same age and move up to their next birthdate group on their birthday), which has indicated promising results for moderating RAEs across their player pathway. However, little work has focused on the perceptions of interest-holders on this approach. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to use semi-structured interviews with fifteen England Squash Talent Pathway coaches, to better understand the mechanisms of the birthday-banding approach as well as its potential benefits and limitations. Using thematic analysis, three higher-order themes were found that comprised of six lower-order themes: (a) considering organisational structures (e.g., understanding selection processes, and reflecting on competition structures and performance outcomes), (b) building appropriate settings (e.g., promoting flexibility and fluidity in groups, and creating an environment that fosters long-term development), and (c) facilitating individual athlete development (e.g., encouraging holistic development and progression, and evaluating physical and skill development). Overall, coaches spoke highly of the implementation of birthday-banding, noting the value in creating fairness for athletes who might have been removed due to their birthday and maturation levels. Coaches also reported appreciating seeing athletes having varying competition within and across a year, as sometimes athletes would be relative older and younger than their peers within the same 'BIRTHDAY-BANDING' IN YOUTH SQUASH 3 twelve months. Some considerations and concerns were also raised about implementing a birthday-banding approach, which have been highlighted to inform continued improvements for both athletes and coaches in the system.