Indigenous Games and Physical Activity for Preventing Non-Communicable Diseases in African Communities: A Public Health Perspective

Musa Mathunjwa^1*Privilege Banqobile Ndlovu¹Senzelwe Mazibuko²Gudani Mukoma³Dimitar Avramov⁴

• ¹University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
• ²University of KwaZulu-Natal Department of Public Health Medicine, Durban, South Africa
• ³University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
• ⁴Sanofi Genzyme Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract Background: Rapid urbanisation and lifestyle shift in Africa have contributed to rising noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. While physical activity is a proven preventive measure, many interventions lack cultural resonance and affordability. Indigenous African games may offer a culturally relevant strategy to promote physical activity and reduce NCD risks. This paper discusses the possibility of applying such games across cultures and age categories and the pathway for knowledge transfer. Methods: A qualitative narrative review was conducted, synthesising peer-reviewed literature, public health data, and contextual case studies. The analysis focused on traditional games Ingqathu, Kgati, Diketo, and Morabaraba examining their physical, cognitive, and social benefits. Findings: Evidence shows that these games naturally incorporate movement, coordination, and community engagement, supporting cardiovascular health, enhancing metabolism, and reducing sedentary behaviour. Beyond physical benefits, they foster cultural identity, intergenerational interaction, and psychosocial well-being often overlooked in conventional exercise programmes. However, barriers such as erosion of traditional knowledge, lack of institutional support, and limited policy integration impede widespread implementation. Conclusion: Indigenous African games present a culturally grounded, cost-effective approach to increasing physical activity and mitigating NCD risk across diverse age groups. To maximise impact, revitalisation efforts should integrate these games into schools, community programmes, and public health policies to facilitate application and knowledge transfer. Future research should include intervention trials and scalability studies to confirm effectiveness and guide policy adoption.