ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Sports Act. Living
Sec. Elite Sports and Performance Enhancement
This article is part of the Research TopicStrength Training and Performance Optimization: The Triad of Physical, Psychological, and Physiological Excellence - Volume IIView all 5 articles
A comparison of three post-activation potentiation enhancement warm up strategies on bench press performance
Provisionally accepted
- 1Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- 2Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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Background: At loads greater than 80% of one repetition maximum in bench press, at the ascending phase of the movement, the barbell decelerates or stops for a short time before it accelerates again during a region named sticking region. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement is one of the ways to increase maximal performance in bench press. Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of different warm-up protocols with ballistic, high resistance exercises or dynamic stretching on the maximal barbell bench press performance and elbow angular velocity around the sticking region in male students. Methods: Eighteen resistance trained male students (age: 23.8 ± 1.3 years, height: 1.70 ± 0.04 m, body mass: 74.4 ± 3.8 kg) performed maximal bench press after three different warm-up strategies, while barbell velocity, elbow angular velocity and barbell displacement around the sticking region were analysed with a 3D motion analysis system. Results: The barbell velocity after the ballistic warm-up at first maximal velocity from the lowest position on the chest (vmax1), lowest barbell velocity after maximal velocity (vmin) and second maximal barbell velocity (vmax2) were higher compared to the other two warm-up methods. As well as, the time of occurrence of vmin and vmax2 occurred significantly earlier at the ballistic warm-up compared to the other two warm-ups, while the barbell height at vmax1 after the ballistic warm-up was significantly higher than after the other two warm-up protocols. Furthermore, elbow angular velocity was higher after the ballistic warm-up protocol compared to the other two protocols with significant differences observed at vmax1 and vmin and not at vmax2. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, warm-up with ballistic exercises could have more optimal effects on athletes' performance and resulted in better surpassing the sticking region of the barbell bench press.
Keywords: Warming-up, Resistance Training, strength, Post-activation potentiation (PAP), post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE)
Received: 23 Sep 2025; Accepted: 04 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Hedayati and van den Tillaar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Roland van den Tillaar
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