Chiara Marzorati
Silvia Francesca Maria Pizzoli
Roberto Grasso1,2- 1Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- 2Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Background: Cancer patients are now facing a double distinctive challenge of survival against both the disease and fear of contracting COVID-19. This challenge has resulted in the forced adoption of social distancing measures and reorganization of the delivery of medical and psychological treatments. The perceived loneliness and uncertainty increased distress and symptoms burden. In the current period, eHealth interventions might provide valuable benefits in the field of cancer care.
Objective: The overall goal of the study protocol will be to provide an innovative intervention for cancer patients based on an online platform, to help them manage and prevent psychological problems related to social isolation. Specifically, the efficacy of two web-based interventions aimed at lowering stress in cancer patients will be tested and compared.
Methods: One hundred and fifty participants (75 per group) will be enrolled in a two-group randomized trial. The two interventions will be composed either by exercises on relaxation and meditation practices, presented in both automated online content and interactive group sessions or by fixed psychoeducational online content. Stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, distress, resilience, and perceived social isolation will be measured before the start of the interventions (T0), 2 weeks (T1), 4 weeks (T2), and 2 months (T3) after the beginning of the interventions in both groups. A repeated measures ANOVA will be performed to test differences in the questionnaires' scores between groups across the four-time points.
Expected Results: We hypothesized greater improvement in the specific domain of stress symptoms (IES-R) assessed in the group receiving the interactive intervention, compared to the group which will receive only fully automated psychoeducational content. Secondarily, we expect the same trend of improvement across all the psychological variables in the blended intervention group.
Conclusions: Implementing these practices on people who are forced into mandatory social isolation may help them become more aware of their mind-body condition and reduce negative effects. Moreover, relaxation techniques help individuals in achieving a greater state of well-being, increasing the ability to cope with stressful situations (resilience), and strengthening the immune system.
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide. It has been 1 year since Italy has forced a strict lockdown, with a drastic reorganization of the healthcare system. To contain the extensive viral spread, hospitals are implementing several measures to cope with the demand for care and adequately address patients' needs (van de Haar et al., 2020). The risk of exceeding healthcare systems' capacity has led to the adoption of social distancing measures and the reorganization of medical treatment delivery. Further restrictions were adopted in hospitals such as limiting elective surgical interventions, restricting caregivers' visits during hospital stays, reducing systemic treatment intensity, and improving teleconsultations (Sigorski et al., 2020). This is even more difficult with people with a higher risk of getting infected. In particular, the scientific studies showed that patients with cancer were more vulnerable to both the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications (Emami et al., 2020).
Cancer patients are facing a double distinctive challenge of survival against both the disease and fear of contracting the virus. The perception of physical vulnerability to the illness enhanced arousal and triggered the anxiety. Patients are overwhelmed by conflicting advice and fear of cancer recurrence (Miaskowski et al., 2020). The lack of social connections may enhance patients' feelings of loneliness and uncertainty and they may contribute to the exacerbation of distress and symptom burden, with a higher risk of mortality (D'ippolito et al., 2017; Young et al., 2020). A recent study on 6,213 cancer patients showed that 23.4% of them reported depression, 17.7% anxiety, and 9.3% post-traumatic symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (Wang et al., 2020; Pigozzi et al., 2021). Moreover, another study analyzing the psychological burden of cancer patients before and after the pandemic highlighted higher levels of stress compared to non-cancer patients (Miaskowski et al., 2020). On the other hand, resilience has been described as a protective factor in life-threatening events and it plays a crucial role in determining how individuals react to and deal with stress. Resilience may be defined as the individual's ability to have biological, mental, and spiritual balance in the face of hazardous conditions, such as cancer and/or pandemics (Seiler and Jenewein, 2019). Moreover, patients often reported widespread concern and psychophysiological reactions related to stressful situations like the COVID-19 pandemic; they may also experience a psychophysiological hyperactivation, thus paying excessive attention to bodily sensations. Finally, hospitalization and management of acute complications of psychological problems increase the direct costs of treatments, while the increased disability may affect overall indirect costs due to the loss of productivity. The psychological burden can exacerbate the medical condition that in turn affects personal costs resulting from the loss of physical independence and the need for a carer, suddenly becoming a social cost (e.g. hospitalization, surgical and medical management, and institutionalization) (Sporinova et al., 2019).
Starting from these premises, there is an urgent need to address the enormous psychological burden of COVID-19 on those affected by cancer, while allowing the necessary social distancing. In this context, in-person participation was rapidly curtailed by the implementation of remote interventions able to facilitate stress management and enhance physical and emotional well-being (Trevino et al., 2021). Currently, in the field of eHealth treatments, the use of blended care is gaining visibility. The term “blended” refers to the combination of online and offline elements inside the same care-flow intervention. This “technology-supported” care combines unguided self-help modules with (scripted) face-to-face sessions. Offline and online components are interrelated methods that are strategically combined to build an intervention that merges the potential benefits of the two approaches (Wentzel et al., 2016). To date, the literature demonstrates that blended therapy displays encouraging effects (Wentzel et al., 2016) and can be used to deliver personal or automated feedback and support, synchronous or asynchronous guidance, and it can aid via online guidance or self-help units. The blended treatment could be innovatively provided through the implementation of online and offline relaxation techniques.
In this regard, previous studies demonstrated that interventions based on respiration and meditation helped individuals to alleviate the effects of stress by reducing physiologic arousal and restoring autonomic balance (Ditto et al., 2006; Wielgosz et al., 2019). Guided relaxation techniques can help people to achieve a deep state of relaxation through breathing exercises and focusing attention on body perception (e.g., body scan). The former may also be defined as “an efficient integrative body-mind training for dealing with stress, anxiety, and psychosomatic conditions”; it may help people slow their breathing, take in more oxygen, and reduce the use of shoulder, neck, and upper chest muscles, thus achieving better emotional balance and well-being (Porges, 2001). On the other hand, body scans aim to focus attention on different parts of the body and encourage awareness of the body's sensations, such as pain, tension, warmth, or relaxation. These techniques affect the physiological functions reducing hyperarousal and carry physical and psychological benefits: people learn how to actively modulate their breath and heartbeat, thus lowering anxiety and distress symptoms, and making room for positive thoughts and feelings (Zaccaro et al., 2018).
Forced social isolation will lead to the implementation of these practices using eHealth interventions. The usefulness of eHealth interventions is supported by studies showing that online relaxation interventions led to significant results as well as in-person interventions (Jung et al., 2016). Increasing the use of these therapies may lead to positive health outcomes and improve quality of life by preventing or delaying the onset of complications, reducing healthcare costs, and hospitalizations. The project's overall vision is to cost-effectively enhance relaxation interventions to reduce the effects of social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic at both individual and societal levels and optimize health outcomes. The project will engage, train, and motivate patients by establishing the connection to raise awareness on the side effects of social isolation and improve their expertise on relaxation techniques. Achieving psychological and physical benefits, such as reducing heartbeat and stress activation or improving concentration, mood, and sleep quality are important factors that could be associated with the administration of pharmacological intervention and patient hospitalization. In fact, the use of non-pharmacological interventions, such as relaxation techniques, has been linked to greater clinical outcomes and a decrease in hospital admissions and healthcare costs (Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020). On the other hand, psychoeducational intervention showed significant results in cancer patients by improving disease care techniques and quality of life, reducing treatment-related discomfort, and lowering psychological burdens, such as distress, depression, and anxiety symptoms (Wu et al., 2018). Furthermore, the psychoeducational approach has been already applied as an active control group in internet-based protocols (Newby et al., 2018).
Objective and Aims
The overall goal of the study is to provide an innovative intervention for cancer patients based on an on-line platform and help them to manage and prevent psychological problems related to social isolation. Specifically, the aim is to test and compare the efficacy of two web-based interventions (guided relaxation techniques vs. psychoeducational material) aimed at lowering stress in cancer patients.
Materials and Methods
Participants and Procedure
Participants will be enrolled through email. Those who will accept to take part in the study will be asked for the signature of the informed written consent. The study will receive ethical approval of the Ethical Committee of the University of the last author of the work. Then, participants will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups. In both groups, participants will receive on their email an invitation for an online platform where they will access the material. Participants will receive weekly reminders via e-mail.
A total of 150 participants (75 per group) will be enrolled based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) cancer patients (illness stage I–II); (2) aged from 18 to 65 years; (3) having an internet connection at home; (4) having a sufficient physical ability (auditory and visual ability) to use a remote internet device; (5) being a proficient Italian speaker; (6) providing the written informed consent. Patients (1) with neurological or psychiatric diseases, (2) hospitalized, and (3) with expertise in relaxation techniques or meditation will be excluded from the study.
Participation in the study will be voluntary, and participants will be allowed to withdraw from the study at any moment. The research protocol follows the CONSORT-EHEALTH V1.6 Guidelines (Eysenbach and CONSORT-EHEALTH Group, 2011). The study will be conducted according to the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki (59th WMA General Assembly, World Medical Association, 2008).
Study Design and Measures
A between-subjects design will be adopted to administer one of two web-based interventions (guided relaxation techniques vs. psychoeducational material) to both cancer patients' groups. The web-based interventions will be composed of exercises on relaxation and meditation practices, presented in both automated content and interactive group sessions, or by fixed psychoeducational content.
In the blended intervention group, participants will be split into three sub-samples of 25 persons, and they will receive twice a week 1 audio of 10 min and a video clip of 15 min, with the guided exercise of relaxation or meditation. Plus, once a week, participants of the blended intervention group will be asked to participate in a 45 min group session with a psychotherapist that will guide some relaxation exercises. We decided to divide the sample into sub-samples of 25 participants to simplify the management of the groups. Indeed, conducting 45 min groups with more participants might lower the possibility of interaction between participants and with the psychotherapist. For example, the psychotherapist might ask for personal sharing of the experience or participants might have the necessity to ask questions.
In the psychoeducational group, participants will receive three times a week a link with psychoeducational content on stress, anxiety, hyperarousal, and social isolation (video, audio, and text). The materials used in the present study will be created ad hoc by the two first authors, in collaboration with a trained psychotherapist. A detailed description of the interventions is reported in Appendix A in Supplementary Material.
Along with the sociodemographic variables (age, gender, employment status, marital status, and level of education), all the participants will complete the following validated questionnaires:
• the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983) for assessing anxiety and depressive symptoms. It is a 14-items scale divided into two subscales ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (high presence of symptoms), with higher values indicating higher levels of anxiety and/or depression;
• the Distress Thermometer for measuring distress symptoms (Jacobsen et al., 2005; Donovan et al., 2014). It is a single-item tool with a Likert scale ranging from 0 (no distress) to 10 (extreme distress);
• the Impact of Event Scale-Revised version (IES-R) (Weiss, 2007) for assessing the reflect intrusion (eight items), avoidance (eight items), and hyperarousal (six items) related to traumatic events. It is a 22-item scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely), with a higher score indicating higher distress in response to a specific traumatic event;
• the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor and Davidson, 2003) for measuring the resilience level of cancer patients. It contains 25 items ranging from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating higher resilience;
• the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3) (Russell, 1996) for assessing social loneliness. It consists of 20-items ranging from 1 (Never) to 4 (Often), with a higher score indicating greater feelings of loneliness and social isolation.
All the previous questionnaires will be administered before the start of the interventions (T0). Two weeks (T1), 4 weeks (T2), and 2 months (T3) after the beginning of the interventions, participants will be asked to complete the same questionnaires.
Sample Size Calculation and Statistical Analysis
We computed the required sample size with the G*Power 3.1.9.2 software (Faul et al., 2007; Erdfelder et al., 2009) for the F-test. The main endpoint will be the difference in the improvement of the overall score of the IES-R scale. A repeated measure ANOVA will be performed to test differences in the IES-R total scores between groups across the four-time points. The Type I error (α) rate was set at 0.05 (two-sided) and the Power (1 – β) was set at 0.95. The a priori correlation between repeated measures was set at 0.5 and the value of the F was set at 0.25 (medium effect size). We found a required sample of 132 subjects. To consider the possibility of attrition, we increased the sample by 14% of the required sample size. The total sample resulted in 150 participants (75 per group). Time will be considered a within-subjects variable, while the type of intervention will be considered a between-subject variable. Post hoc comparisons with the Tukey HSD-test will be performed and the effect sizes will be reported in the form of η2.
The same analyses will be repeated for all the questionnaires, except the one on the demographic variables. Indeed, as secondary analysis, differences in questionnaire scores between the two groups (i.e., HADS, Distress Thermometer, IES-R, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale) will be assessed using the same analysis of the IES-R scale.
Group differences in questionnaires' measures will be analyzed with T-tests, while the chi-square statistic will be used to test the association between treatment groups and socio-demographic variables (gender, age, marital status, and employment status). Correlation analysis will be applied to assess the association between the questionnaires scores across all the time points.
Moreover, the scores of the HADS questionnaire will also be interpreted according to the clinical cutoffs (Annunziata et al., 2020). The scale score reliability (Cronbach α) will also be computed.
Expected Results
We primarily hypothesize a greater improvement in the specific domain of stress symptoms (IES-R) assessed in the group receiving the interactive intervention, compared to the group which will receive only fully automated psychoeducational contents. Secondarily, we expect the same trend of improvement across all the psychological variables in the blended intervention group. Finally, we expect that the blended approach characterized by the presence of both interactive group and relaxation exercises will lead to a relief of the perceived social isolation.
Discussion
Patients with cancer are immunocompromised and at higher risk of serious illness from infection. Therefore, people adopt behaviors aimed at protecting themselves, such as social distancing; on the other hand, feelings of loneliness and isolation may exacerbate and become burdensome. The limited exposure to social interactions with family, friends, and members of the community can have psychological consequences and lead to poorer mental well-being. A study of the general population also showed loneliness scores in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted to be associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (Killgore et al., 2020). Furthermore, in cancer patients, delaying testing or clinical procedures might result in enhanced distress (Albano et al., 2020).
Implementing web-based practices on people who are forced into mandatory social isolation may help them become more aware of their mind-body condition and reduce negative effects (Pizzoli et al., 2020a,b). Moreover, relaxation techniques help individuals in achieving a greater state of well-being, increasing the ability to cope with stressful situations (resilience), and strengthening the immune system. Overcoming geographic and mobility problems, both patients and carers using telehealth tools reported a higher perception of social support and more empowerment (Kondylakis et al., 2017; Marzorati et al., 2018).
Remote psychotherapy, and specifically remote Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, proved to be at least effective as the standard therapy while being less expensive and more accessible than the standard treatments (Richards et al., 2016; Thase et al., 2020). Furthermore, remote therapy might benefit from multiple technological sources to be implemented (e.g., telephone, video, email, audio).
Our results will also suffer from some limitations. Specifically, the comparison between the two groups leads to the analysis of differences between a fixed psychoeducational content and a more interactive and guided one. Thus we will be able to conclude only on the efficacy of a blended intervention vs. a fully automated one, not on the efficacy of the group sessions separately. Furthermore, we planned to include 31 participants per group in the sessions of the blended group, to render the groups more manageable. However, a smaller sample might be more effective and controllable.
There is also the chance that people with a higher propensity to use technology and the internet will agree to take part in the study. Thus, the enrolled sample might be more representative of those who already use technologies and have a good knowledge of digital tools. The same reason might be applied for those who have a positive attitude toward relaxation and meditation. Also, the participants included in the blended groups might be more engaged by groups sessions because of their attitude, thus limiting the generalizability of the results.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710861/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: remote training, social isolation, stress management, cancer, relaxation, acceptance therapy
Citation: Marzorati C, Pizzoli SFM, Grasso R and Pravettoni G (2021) Remote Relaxation and Acceptance Training for the Management of Stress in Cancer Patients: A Study Protocol. Front. Psychol. 12:710861. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710861
Received: 17 May 2021; Accepted: 15 September 2021;
Published: 13 October 2021.
Edited by:
Changiz Mohiyeddini, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, United StatesReviewed by:
Irene Ceccato, University of Studies G. d'Annunzio Chieti and Pescara, ItalyJose Maria De La Roca-Chiapas, University of Guanajuato, Mexico
Copyright © 2021 Marzorati, Pizzoli, Grasso and Pravettoni. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Chiara Marzorati, chiara.marzorati@ieo.it
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship