Abstract
Introduction:
Considerable evidence indicates that some trees are more vulnerable than others during bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) expansion, which can affect plant community structure and alter the environment, but there has been insufficient research on the growth status of surviving individuals in colonized forests.
Methods:
In this study, we compared the annual growth increment, growth rate, and onset, cessation, and duration of radial growth of Alniphyllum fortunei, Machilus pauhoi, and Castanopsis eyrei in a bamboo-expended broadleaf forest (BEBF) and a bamboo-absent broadleaf forest (BABF) using high-resolution point dendrometers.
Results:
We found that the annual radial growth of A. fortunei, M. pauhoi, and C. eyrei was 22.5%, 172.2%, and 59.3% greater in BEBF than in BABF, respectively. The growth rates of M. pauhoi and C. eyrei in BEBF were significantly higher than in BABF by13.9 μm/d and 19.6 μm/d, whereas A. fortunei decreased significantly by 7.9 μm/d from BABF to BEBF. The onset and cessation of broad-leaf tree growth was later, and the growth duration was longer in BEBF compared to BABF. For example, A. fortunei and M. pauhoi in BEBF had more than one month longer growth duration than in BABF. Additionally, the nighttime growth rates of some surviving broad-leaf trees in BEBF was significantly higher than that in BABF.
Discussion:
These results suggest that the surviving trees have plasticity and can adapt to atmospheric changes and competitive relationships after expansion of bamboo in one of two ways: by increasing their growth rates or by modifying onset and cessation of growth to extend the growth duration of trees or avoid the period of intense competition with bamboo, thereby growing better. Our research reveals for the first time how the growth of surviving broad-leaf trees adjusts to bamboo expansion. These results provide insights into how biological expansions impact primary production and have implications for forest management in the Anthropocene.
Highlights
(1) Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) expansion facilitates surviving broadleaf tree growth rates, the duration of the growth phase, and—by altering the growth phase—reducing the period of intense competition with trees in the invaded forest.
(2) Surviving trees exhibit plasticity, can adapt to atmospheric changes, and grow faster than trees in forests not impacted by bamboo expansion despite the fact they are in direct competition with bamboo.
Introduction
Plants invasion, non-native species invaded and established to native ecosystem that disturb the functioning and stability of these ecosystems (e.g. alter species composition and decrease biodiversity) (; Vilà et al., 2011; ), are an important component of global change worldwide (). Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), a typical native invasive species (), is characterized for its grows quickly and has a robust rhizome system (; Xu et al., 2020) that enables unbridled invasion (also known as expansion) into adjacent forests, especially secondary broadleaf forests (Ying et al., 2016). Like other invasive alien plant species, bamboo can induce impacts on biodiversity and eco-function. For example, bamboo expansion can hinder the growth of broadleaf trees, leading to the death of some trees and affecting species diversity (; ; Xu et al., 2020). Interestingly, bamboo expansion into broadleaf forests does not eliminate all trees, as trees with narrower crowns or deeper roots can often survive (Zhou et al., 2016), such as Alniphyllum fortunei and Castanopsis fargesii (; ). However, little information exists about the effects of bamboo expansion processes on the growth status of these surviving trees. Are these tree species struggling to survive under the suppression of bamboo (temporary survival) or are they experiencing healthy growth (long-term survival)? Tree growth data can help illuminate answers to these questions.
The growth status of trees is mainly reflected in changes in the diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, and leaf biomass. Among these, measuring changes in DBH (radial growth) is simple and accurate. Given that radial growth is closely related to tree growth traits, such as tree height and leaf biomass (; ), it is a key indicator for evaluating tree growth vitality (; ; ). Stem radial growth is determined by both growth rate and growth duration, which is the time between the onset and cessation of cambium activity (Wang et al., 2018). Growth rate and growth duration are mainly influenced by environmental factors, such as light conditions, soil moisture, and nutrient content (; Zhang et al., 2021). Additionally, competition among species could also affect radial growth of trees (; Tsai et al., 2018). The expansion of bamboo can have both inhibitory and promoting effects on the radial growth of surviving trees, as it alters environmental conditions and competitive relationships.
Several factors make bamboo a particularly strong competitor and effective invader in many forests. First, both growth and reproduction rates are high in new bamboo, which can reach full maturity and maximum body size within 1~2 months after being unearthed (; Zhao et al., 2017). For example, bamboo can produce 2000 ~ 3000 new stems/hm2 per year (). Additionally, the underground roots of bamboo are vast, and the biomass of fine roots is approximately six times that of broadleaf trees (). Based on these biological characteristics, bamboo has a competitive edge in resource acquisition compared to trees. Because bamboo and broadleaf trees have similar demand for resources (Yang et al., 2017), they may be in strong competition for resources such as water and nutrients, and trees are at a competitive disadvantage, which typically have lower growth rates, later growth onset, and earlier growth cessation (; Tsai et al., 2018). Therefore, we speculate that bamboo expansion may decrease the growth rate of surviving broadleaf trees and shorten their growth duration through competition.
The consequences of bamboo expansion into native forests, however, are not always negative. With the entry of bamboo and the exit of some broadleaf trees during expansion, the local microenvironment will be changed, including increases in light intensity (), soil temperature (), and soil moisture (; ). Mechanistically, the relatively well-developed root system and narrow crown of bamboo compared to broadleaf trees could cause a reduction of soil erosion in invaded forests (). These environmental changes can have a positive effect on the radial growth rate of surviving broadleaf trees. Simultaneously, changes in temperature (; ; ) and water availability (Ziaco et al., 2018; ) can also affect the timing of cambium activity. A warm climate with sufficient water can lead to early and delayed cambium activity in spring and autumn, respectively (Tian et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018; ), thereby prolonging the growth duration of trees. Therefore, the expansion of bamboo may also promote the radial growth rate of surviving broadleaf trees and prolong their growth duration via changing environmental conditions.
Surviving broadleaf trees may be affected by the combined inhibitory and promotional factors from bamboo expansion; consequently, we require high-precision instruments for long-term monitoring. Point dendrometers enable collection of high spatial- and temporal-resolution (i.e., sub-hour) growth data for trees (; ). Dendrometer signals are analyzed through mathematical functions (; ) or fitting models () to extrapolate information about timing, duration, and rate of tree growth. Here, we conducted high-resolution monitoring of the growth of broadleaf trees in both evergreen broadleaf forest (BABF) and bamboo-broadleaf mixed forest (BEBF) within the Qiyunshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China, where bamboo expansion is relatively severe. Our aim was to answer the following scientific questions: (1) Does bamboo expansion suppress or promote the radial growth rate of surviving broadleaf trees? (2) Does the expansion of bamboo lead to changes in the timing and duration of growth in surviving trees? Addressing these scientific questions will provide the first quantitative assessment of the impact of bamboo expansion on tree growth, illuminate how competing ecological processes affecting primary production play out during bamboo expansion, and provide resource managers with insights into how to manage bamboo expansions during the Anthropocene.
Materials and methods
Study area
The study area is located at the Qiyunshan National Nature Reserve (QNNR) in Jiangxi Province, China (113°54′-114°07′E, 25°41′-25°54′N, Figure 1), with an elevation of ~2060m a.s.l. QNNR belongs to the humid subtropical monsoon climate zone, which is characterized by a warm climate and abundant rainfall (Yang et al., 2009; ). The mean annual precipitation at QNNR ranges from 1522-1660 mm, and the mean annual temperature is between 18.0~18.4 °C (). QNNR’s zonal vegetation is evergreen broadleaf forest, but many bamboo forests remain in some areas. The forest canopy in this area is mainly divided into two layers: the upper canopy is composed of fast-growing deciduous trees and some older evergreen trees (maximum height: 15-20 meters) and the understory mainly consists of adult and young trees of shade-tolerant species.
Figure 1
Experiment design
Three experimental blocks, B1, B2, and B3, were established in June 2021 (Figures 1, 2). Each block included a sample plot of bamboo-absent broadleaf forest (BABF, 20 m × 20 m each) and a bamboo-expended broadleaf forest (BEBF, 20 m × 20 m each; n = 6 plots total). Sample plots were spaced at distance of >10 m apart. All plots were located on the clay loam northwest slope, with a slope between 16 and 20 degrees. Before the establishment of the nature reserve, the area experienced human-induced disturbances, leading to the formation of secondary broadleaf forests with similar stand densities in each plot. With the establishment of the nature reserve in 1997, the broadleaf forests entered a stage of natural recovery. During the recovery process, the broadleaf forests adjacent to bamboo forests were encroached upon by bamboo expansion, resulting in the formation of bamboo-broadleaf mixed forests.
Figure 2
Average density of trees with DBH greater than 5 cm was ~277 ± 7 and ~135 ± 10 stems per ha for BABF and BEBF in 20 × 20 m plots, respectively. Average density of bamboo was ~0 and ~233 ± 12 stems per ha for BABF and BEBF in 20 × 20 m plots, respectively (Table 1). The broad-leaf area included primarily Alniphyllum fortunei, Machilus pauhoi, Castanopsis eyrei, Castanopsis fargesii, and Daphniphyllum oldhamii, in the bamboo-invaded and bamboo-absent broadleaf forest in our study area. We selected three tree species—A. fortunei, M. pauhoi, C. eyrei—as the focus of our research because they were found in both forest types.
Table 1
| Stand | Tree | Shrub | Bamboo | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SD (stem hm-2) | DBH (cm) | H (m) | SD (stem hm-2) | DBH (cm) | H (m) | SD (stem hm-2) | DBH (cm) | H (m) | |
| BABF | 277 ± 7 | 10.00 ± 5.74 | 7.95 ± 2.86 | 618 ± 12 | 2.00 ± 0.91 | 3.31 ± 1.18 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
| BEBF | 135 ± 10 | 9.52 ± 4.52 | 7.55 ± 1.59 | 679 ± 37 | 2.30 ± 1.19 | 3.41 ± 1.53 | 233 ± 12 | 8.63 ± 1.77 | 11.10 ± 2.27 |
General information about the bamboo-expended broadleaf forest (BEBF) and bamboo-absent broadleaf forest (BABF).
SD is the stem density of a stand, DBH is the diameter at breast height, and H is the height of trees. No data (N.D.) were available for bamboo in the BABF forest type because this site was not invaded.
Collection of climate data
A temperature and humidity recorder (model: TMS5-L30, China, Tomst Company) was installed at the center of each sample plot to collect data of soil temperature at depths of 0 cm (surface) and 6 cm, air temperature at a height of 12 cm, and soil moisture content at a depth of 6 cm.
Monitoring of tree growth
In each plot, 3 trees with similar diameter size distributions of A. fortunei, M. pauhoi, and C. eyrei were selected for measurement. High resolution point dendrometers were used to monitor stem growth at 15-minute sampling intervals on 18 trees from January 2022 to December 2022, mounted 1.3 m above ground level (diameter at breast height, DBH; Figure 2). To reduce the impact of bark expansion and contraction on dendrometer data, we used a knife to carefully remove the outer bark and dead bark tissue without damaging the cambium (). Basic information of the selected trees and sample plots is demonstrated in Tables 1 and 2. Each point dendrometer was individually calibrated in the laboratory before being installed on trees.
Table 2
| Species | Stand | Diameter at breast height(cm) | Height(m) | Timing of growth initiation | Timing of growth cessation | Growing season duration (days) | Mean seasonal growth rate (μm/d) | Cumulative growth (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alniphyllum fortunei | BABF | 13.97 ± 0.97 | 11.87 ± 1.34 | 07-May | 27-Jul | 82 | 45.47 ± 25.01 | 4.10 ± 0.84 |
| BEBF | 14.20 ± 0.66 | 12.67 ± 1.31 | 10-May | 5-Sep | 119 | 37.53 ± 20.71 | 4.96 ± 0.87 | |
| Machilus pauhoi | BABF | 15.57 ± 0.87 | 10.47 ± 0.87 | 06-Apr | 27-Jul | 113 | 14.89 ± 7.83 | 1.86 ± 0.99 |
| BEBF | 14.80 ± 1.05 | 9.57 ± 0.71 | 19-Apr | 21-Sep | 156 | 28.76 ± 13.28 | 4.98 ± 1.03 | |
| Castanopsis eyrei | BABF | 13.63 ± 1.29 | 8.43 ± 1.51 | 26-Mar | 5-Oct | 194 | 25.96 ± 11.76 | 5.52 ± 1.34 |
| BEBF | 14.28 ± 0.76 | 8.10 ± 0.92 | 28-Mar | 23-Oct | 210 | 38.06 ± 18.51 | 8.87 ± 0.80 |
Basic information of measured trees and characterization of growth patterns.
Statistical analysis
Data management and analysis were performed using R statistical software (). Raw dendrometer data of each tree, with a 15-minute resolution over the full length of the time series, were quality checked and processed using the R-package TREENETPROC (). Day and night growth were calculated as the cumulative growth from 6:00 to 18:00 and from 18:00 to 6:00 the next day, respectively, based on hourly-resolved radial stem growth (annual average). We used the sigmoid Gompertz growth model to fit the cumulative daily stem radial growth variation curve, which allowed us to simulate the intra-annual stem radial growth process due to its flexibility and asymmetry (; ):
where Y is the daily stem radial growth maximum, A represents the upper asymptote, β is the x-axis placement parameter, k is the rate of change parameter, and t is time expressed in days.
Based on model results, we calculated the onset and cessation of growth. The growth onset was defined as the day of the year that exceeds the maximum diameter of the previous year, and the growth cessation was considered the day of the year with the largest cumulative growth. To increase comparability between sample trees and reduce the impact of erratic data points during the asymptotic phase of the annual growth curve, the growth onset was defined as the day when the growth exceeded 5% of the yearly growth, and the growth cessation represented the day of the year at which 95% of yearly growth was reached (; Ziaco et al., 2016). The duration of radial increment (i.e., growing season) was the number of days between the onset and cessation of growth. The sum of the radial increment of the growing season was divided by the growth duration to give the mean daily growth rate during the growing season.
We used independent sample t-tests to analyze differences in mean daily growth rate, growth onset and cessation, and radial increment duration of broadleaf trees, as well as air temperature, ground temperature, soil temperature, and soil moisture between BABF and BEBF. The data presented are average values for each species in BABF and BEBF. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0, and graphs were created using Origin 2022.
Results
Climatic conditions
Bamboo expansion increased the temperature and soil water content of broadleaf forests, but it had a greater impact on soil water content than on temperature (Figure 3). Air temperature (Figure 3A), surface temperature (Figure 3B), and soil temperature (Figure 3C) were generally higher in BEBF compared to BABF, but these differences were not significant in most months; only in July, August, September, and November were they significantly different between sites. Soil water content was significantly higher in BEBF compared to BABF every month; on average, soil water content was 1.3-times higher across all months in BEBF (Figure 3D).
Figure 3
Annual increment
Bamboo expansion increased the annual radial increment of surviving broadleaf trees (Figure 4). The annual radial increment of A. fortunei, M. pauhoi, and C. eyrei in BABF was 4.0 mm, 1.8 mm, and 5.4 mm, respectively, while in BEBF it was 4.9 mm, 4.9 mm, and 8.6 mm, respectively; bamboo expansion increased their radial growth by 22.5%, 172.2% (p<0.05), and 59.3% (p<0.05), respectively.
Figure 4
Growth rates
The impact of bamboo expansion on the radial growth rate of surviving broadleaf trees varied by species (Figure 5; Table 1). During the growing season, growth rates of M. pauhoi, and C. eyrei in the BEBF were about 13.9 μm/d and 19.6 μm/d faster than in the BABF, respectively (all p<0.01); however, bamboo expansion decreased growth rates of A. fortunei by 7.9 μm/d (p< 0.05).
Figure 5
Onset, cessation, and duration of growth
Bamboo expansion significantly affected the onset, cessation, and duration of growth of surviving broadleaf trees. The growth onset of A. fortunei, M. pauhoi, and C. eyrei occurred about 3 (p >0.05), 13 (p<0.05) and 2 (p >0.05) days later in BEBF compared to BABF forests. Surprisingly, bamboo expansion delayed growth cessation in all trees: A. fortunei, M. pauhoi, and C. eyrei were delayed by 40, 56, and 18 days (all p<0.05), respectively (Table 2). Additionally, A. fortunei and M. pauhoi had a significantly longer growing season duration in BEBF compared to BABF (119 compared to 82, 156 compared to 113; both p<0.05).
Diel growth patterns
Over a diel cycle, all broadleaf tree species grew mainly at night in BABF and BEBF, with the maximum daily growth rate occurring around 04:00 h and minimum daily growth rate occurring around 11:00 h (Figure 6). Although bamboo expansion had no effect on the diurnal growth rhythm of broadleaf trees, it did change the growth per hour of each broadleaf tree species. Specifically, the morning (0:00 h to 6:00 h) and night (16:00 h to 0:00 h) growth rates of M. pauhoi and C. eyrei increased significantly (Figures 6E, F) in BEBF compared to BABF sites.
Figure 6
Discussion
Impacts of bamboo expansion on growth rate
Our results showed that bamboo expansion substantially increased radial growth rates of surviving shade-tolerant, evergreen, broadleaf trees (M. pauhoi and C. eyrei; Figure 5), a pattern mostly attributed to changes in environmental factors, such as light and water, that occur when the bamboo-absent broadleaf forests (BABF) are converted to bamboo-expended broadleaf forests (BEBF). It has been reported that light penetration could increase because some trees die during bamboo expansion (), which can promote carbon assimilation () and lead to increasing radial growth.
Compared to other environmental factors, changes in soil moisture may have a stronger impact on radial growth rates of trees. Our study found that the soil moisture in BEBF was significantly higher than that in BABF (Figure 3D). The well-developed root system of bamboo could reduce soil erosion in forests (), which could promote water infiltration into the soil and increase soil water content. Furthermore, canopy interception loss in bamboo forests was considerably lower than that of broadleaf forests (). Therefore, after the expansion of bamboo, increases in soil moisture content likely replenishes trees at night, promoting expansion and division in cambium cells (Zweifel et al., 2006), conducing to radial growth rates of trees (). This idea is supported by the nighttime growth rates of trees observed in our study, as the nighttime growth increment of M. pauhoi and C. eyrei significantly increased from BABF to BEBF (Figure 6).
However, expansion of bamboo decreased the growth rate of A. fortunei (Figure 5). We speculate that this phenomenon was related to water competition. Indeed, A. fortunei belongs to shade-intolerant deciduous broadleaf tree species, which have a relatively large specific leaf area (Zeng et al., 2017) and high transpiration rates () compared to other trees, traits requiring more water than shade-tolerant evergreen tree species (Visser et al., 2018). Thus, the increase in soil moisture caused by bamboo expansion may not have had a significant effect on the growth of A. fortunei trees with a high water demand. The root system of A. fortunei also experiences stronger competition after the expansion of bamboo because A. fortunei trees are shallow-rooted tree species, with roots occurring in soil between 0-15 cm (Xiang et al., 2013). Further, large masses of bamboo roots tend to be distributed at this soil depth; the biomass of bamboo fine roots is approximately six times that of broadleaf trees (), and this dense root network likely outcompetes the root systems of broadleaf trees for water and nutrients. Consequently, in the BEBF A. fortunei trees face enormous pressure from water competition, and the stimulated growth brought about by changes in favorable conditions of light, temperature, and water availability is likely insufficient to compensate for the decreased growth caused by competition-driven water shortage.
Consequences of delayed growth onset and cessation
So why does the growth rate of A. fortunei decrease and still survive in BEBF? This is probably related to the regulation of its growth timing. Temperature and water were the main factors determining the onset of tree growth. We found that after bamboo expansion, the onset time of surviving tree growth was delayed (Table 2) despite sufficient water and suitable soil and air temperature in the stand (Figure 3), which may be influenced by competition from bamboo. We observed that surviving trees faced more competitive pressure in BEBF compared to BABF (Table S1), and they may suffer the greatest competitive pressure during spring. Due to the high growth rate of bamboo, it can complete its growth in height and diameter within 1~2 months after shoots emerge from the soil in the spring (; Zhao et al., 2017). During this period, mature bamboo needs to absorb a large amount of water and nutrients via underground rhizomes that contribute to new bamboo growth (), so trees face greater competitive pressure. When trees are in a highly competitive forests, their growth begins later (; ), likely because intense competition weakens the sensitivity of tree growth to climatic environmental conditions (Wang et al., 2016; Tsai et al., 2018). Our findings reveal that the competitive relationship between bamboo and broadleaf trees may be a major trigger of tree growth initiation under conditions of suitable temperature and sufficient water.
However, the delay in the onset of growth of A. fortunei and C. eyrei was not significant in our study, likely because the growth of A. fortunei started relatively late, in middle of May, during which time new bamboo recruitment was mostly finished (Table 2). C. eyrei, on the other hand, is a late-stage successional species and has strong competitive ability due to its lower demand for resources and higher utilization efficiency, such as light and water (; ). Additionally, the intensity of intraspecific competition is often higher than that of interspecific competition (); this could explain why C. eyrei had no obvious response to bamboo competition in our study. Collectively, these results indicate that the growth initiation time of late-growing or more competitive trees with high resource use is not sensitive to the response of bamboo expansion.
Interestingly, the cessation of growth of all surviving broadleaf tree species was delayed after bamboo expansion, which may be related to changes in temperature and water. Many studies have shown that air temperature and soil temperature are important factors controlling the cessation of cambium activity (; ). With an increase in temperature, the activity cessation time of cambium cells can be delayed (). We found that soil temperature significantly increased during autumn after bamboo expansion (Figure 3C). Generally, soil temperature is influenced by leaf litter layer (e.g., Xu et al., 2013; ), and with a decrease in litter depth, the solar radiation received by the soil increases, leading to an increase in soil temperature. The production and thickness of litter in broadleaf forests can decrease after the expansion of bamboo, especially in summer and autumn (). Thus, after the expansion of bamboo, soil temperature likely increases, resulting in a delay in phenology of cambium activity in the autumn.
Water availability also plays an important role in the cessation of tree radial growth (). As water availability decreases, drought stress caused by water scarcity can lead to early cessation of radial growth of trees by limiting the cell division rate and reducing photosynthesis (Vieira et al., 2020), as has been shown for several tree species (Zhang et al., 2018; ; Zhang et al., 2021). We found that the soil moisture content significantly increased, especially in autumn, from BABF to BEBF: the soil moisture content increased from 9.7%, 4.2%, and 2.0% to 22.9%, 16.0%, and 12.0%, respectively (Figure 2) in August, September, and October, months when there was almost no rainfall in the study area. Therefore, the increase in soil water availability caused by bamboo expansion can delay the growth cessation of trees. We believe that under arid environmental conditions, the increase in soil moisture caused by bamboo expansion will have a greater positive impact on tree growth timing than the negative impact from competition with bamboo, but this hypothesis requires further study.
Because of the impacts discussed above, it is likely that after bamboo expansion surviving broadleaf trees can coexist stably for a considerable period of time. However, we note that the current coexistence of bamboos and broadleaf trees may not be stable, and their relative frequencies may change in future. When the density of bamboo reaches a certain threshold, this stable state of coexistence may be disrupted; in other words, after exceeding a certain equilibrium density, the positive effects of bamboo on environmental conditions are likely insufficient to compensate for the negative impacts of competition. For example, although bamboo expansion can increase soil moisture content (; ), some research indicates that bamboo’s transpiration rate is generally higher than that of broadleaf trees (; ). Therefore, when bamboo expands past a certain threshold density, its water consumption from the soil may exceed the increase in soil moisture caused by its presence at lower densities. As a result, with further expansion of bamboo, the number of surviving broadleaf tree species may gradually decrease. However, broadleaf trees are unlikely to disappear completely, as some broadleaf tree species in later successional stages have high efficiency in utilizing resources, such as water and light (; ). Further, the intensity of intraspecific competition is often higher than that of interspecific competition (), suggesting that their growth and survival may not have obvious responses to bamboo competition. Additionally, some broadleaf tree species with deep root systems can absorb soil moisture and nutrients from deeper layers, avoiding direct competition with bamboo. Overall, the changes in the relative frequencies of bamboos and broadleaf trees and the underlying mechanisms need further investigation.
After the expansion of bamboo, the diurnal growth rhythm of surviving broadleaf tree species remained unchanged in our study, with growth mainly occurring in the morning and night (Figure 6), which is similar to results of other studies (; Zweifel et al., 2021). On a daily time scale, radial changes in tree growth are closely related to air temperature and stem water conditions (). During the daytime, transpiration of trees increases with rising temperatures; when water loss by transpiration exceeds the water absorbed by the roots, the water stored in the trunk is used for transpiration, resulting in shrinkage of the trunk. Water stored in the trunk can support 8~20% of the daily transpiration rate of trees (). In the early evening, transpiration of trees weakens when the temperature drops, and the water absorbed by roots is higher than that consumed by transpiration, allowing cells to absorb water and expand, leading to stem expansion (). Findings from our study indicated that the influence of bamboo expansion on environmental conditions and competitive relationships with trees was not sufficient to change the diurnal growth rhythm of surviving broadleaf trees.
Conclusion
Our study demonstrated that bamboo expansion had a greater promoting effect than inhibiting effect on the radial growth of surviving broadleaf trees, resulting in an increased radial growth increment. For shade-intolerant, deciduous, broad-leaf tree species, bamboo expansion regulated the seasonal growth timing, delaying the cessation of growth and prolonging the growth duration. For shade-tolerant, evergreen species, bamboo expansion not only extended growth duration, but it also facilitated trees in avoiding periods of intense competition with bamboo by changing the onset and cessation time of growth, thereby increasing daily growth rates. Therefore, we believe that the surviving broadleaf trees after bamboo expansion can exist for a long time, and evergreen tree species may exist for an even longer time. Our study highlights the adaptive strategies of surviving broadleaf trees to bamboo expansion and provides insights into how bamboo expansions should be managed during the Anthropocene.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
CG and XXZ participated to design of the study, organized the database and wrote the manuscript. XLZ, WH, ZR and HR performed the data collection and statistical analysis. ZC contributed to manuscript revision. QS and QY participated to design of the study and provided funding. DH performed the data collection. JL contributed to conception and design of the study and provided funding acquisition. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32060319, 41807028, 42067050) and 1000 Talents Plan award of Jiangxi province (jxsq2020101079).
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the Administration of the Qiyunshan Nature Reserve for providing an experimental platform. We also thank other members of our team for their assistance with the field experiments.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1242364/full#supplementary-material
References
1
AibaS. I.KohyamaT. (1996). Tree species stratification in relation to allometry and demography in a warm-temperate rain forest. J. Ecol.84, 207–218. doi: 10.2307/2261356
2
AussenacG. (2000). Interactions between forest stands and microclimate: Ecophysiological aspects and consequences for silviculture. Ann. For. Sci.57, 86–92. doi: 10.1051/forest:2000119
3
BaiS. B.WangY. X.ConantR. T.ZhouG. M.XuY.WangN.et al. (2016). Can native clonal moso bamboo encroach on adjacent natural forest without human intervention? Sci. Rep.6, 31504. doi: 10.1038/srep31504
4
CermakJ.KuceraJ.BauerleW. L.PhillipsN.HinckleyT. M. (2007). Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees. Tree Physiol.27, 181–198. doi: 10.1093/treephys/27.2.181
5
ChaseC. W.KimseyM. J.ShawT. M.ColemanM. D. (2016). The response of light, water, and nutrient availability to pre-commercial thinning in dry inland Douglas-fir forests. For. Ecol. Manage.363, 98–109. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.014
6
ChenY. L.LinY. L.SuM. S.ZhangL. P.ZhangY.ChenH. M. (2019). Flora of macrofungal in qiyunshan national nature reserve of jiangxi. J. Fung. Res.17, 26–34. doi: 10.13341/j.jfr.2018.1217
7
ChiX. C.SongC.ZhuX. T.WangN.WangX. Y.BaiS. B. (2020). Effects of moso bamboo invasion on soil active organic carbon and nitrogen in a evergreen broad-leaved forest in subtropical China. Chin. J. Ecol.39, 2263–2272. doi: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202007.021
8
CocozzaC.GiovannelliA.LasserreB.CantiniC.LombardiF.TognettiR. (2012). A novel mathematical procedure to interpret the stem radius variation in olive trees. Agr. For. Meteorol.161, 80–93. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.03.016
9
CocozzaC.PalomboC.TognettiR.PortaN. L.AnichiniM.GiovannelliA.et al. (2016). Monitoring intra-annual dynamics of wood formation with microcores and dendrometers in Picea abies at two different altitudes. Tree Physiol.36, 832–846. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpw009
10
DelpierreN.SégolèneL.HartigF.CamareroJ. J.CheaibA.UfarK.et al. (2019). Chilling and forcing temperatures interact to predict the onset of wood formation in Northern Hemisphere conifers. Global Change Biol.25, 1089–1105. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14539
11
DeslauriersA.MorinH.BeginY. (2003a). Cellular phenology of annual ring formation of Abies balsamea in the Quebec boreal forest (Canada). Can. J. For. Res.33, 190–200. doi: 10.1139/x02-178
12
DeslauriersA.MorinH.UrbinatiC.CarrerM. (2003b). Daily weather response of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stem radius increment from dendrometer analysis in the boreal forests of Québec (Canada). Trees-Struct. Funct.17, 477–484. doi: 10.1007/s00468-003-0260-4
13
DrewD. M.DownesG. M. (2009). The use of precision dendrometers in research on daily stem size and wood property variation: A review. Dendrochronologia27, 159–172. doi: 10.1016/j.dendro.2009.06.008
14
DuchesneL.HouleD. (2011). Modelling day-to-day stem diameter variation and annual growth of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) from daily climate. For. Ecol. Manage.262, 863–872. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.027
15
DuchesneL.HouleD.D'OrangevilleL. (2012). Influence of climate on seasonal patterns of stem increment of balsam fir in a boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Agr. Forest. Meteorol.162, 108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.04.016
16
FeketeI.VargaC.BiróB.TóthJ. A.VárbíróG.LajthaK.et al. (2016). The effects of litter production and litter depth on soil microclimate in a central european deciduous forest. Plant Soil398, 291–300. doi: 10.1007/s11104-015-2664-5
17
FontiP.ArxG. V.Garcı´a-Gonza´lezI.EilmannB.Sass-KlaassenU.Ga¨rtnerH.et al. (2010). Studying global change through investigation of the plastic responses of xylem anatomy in tree rings. New. Phytol.185, 42–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03030.x
18
GaoJ. N.YangB.HeM. H.ShishovV. (2019). Intra-annual stem radial increment patterns of Chinese pine, Helan Mountains, Northern Central China. Trees-Struct. Funct.33, 751–763. doi: 10.1007/s00468-019-01813-w
19
GranierA.LoustauD.BrédaN. (2000). A generic model of forest canopy conductance dependent on climate, soil water availability and leaf area index. Ann. For. Sci.57, 755–765. doi: 10.1051/forest:2000158
20
GrottaA. T.RadosevichS. R.GartnerB. L.HusoM. (2005). Influence of red alder competition on cambial phenology and latewood formation in Douglas-fir. Iawa J.26, 309–324. doi: 10.1163/22941932-90000117
21
GuillermoG.Vazquez-RuizR. A.Garcia-GonzalezI.RggiG. (2020). Meteorological conditions control the cessation rather than the beginning of wood formation in a sub-Mediterranean ring-porous oak. Agr. Forest. Meteorol.281, 107833. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107833
22
HeM. H.YangB.WangZ. Y.BrauningA.PourtahmasiK.OladiR. (2016). Climatic forcing of xylem formation in Qilian juniper on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Trees-Struct. Funct.30, 923–933. doi: 10.1007/s00468-015-1333-x
23
HuangQ. T. (2008). Study on niche of main associated tree populations and phyllostachys heterocycla 'pubescens' natural mixed forest. J. For. Environ.28, 101–105. doi: 10.13324/j.cnki.jfcf.2008.02.005
24
HuangX. F.TuY. G.ChenJ. W.ShanJ. H.WangZ. R.ZhangT.et al. (2008). Investigation and diversity of birds in winter in Qiyunshan Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province. Chin. J. Zool.43, 86–94. doi: 10.13859/j.cjz.2008.05.011
25
JinZ. X.ZhuX. Y.LinH. Q. (2004). Intraspecific and interspecific competition in Castanopsis eyrei in Tiantai Mountain of Zhejiang Province. Chin. J. Ecol.23, 22–25. doi: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.2004.0041
26
KaewmanoA.FuP. L.FanZ. X.PumijumnongN.ZuidemaP. A.BruningA. (2022). Climatic influences on intra-annual stem radial variations and xylem formation of Toona ciliata at two Asian tropical forest sites with contrasting soil water availability. Agr. For. Meteorol.318, 108906. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108906
27
KitajimaK. (1994). Relative importance of photosynthetic traits and allocation patterns as correlates of seedling shade tolerance of 13 tropical trees. Oecologia98, 419–428. doi: 10.1007/BF00324232
28
KnuselS.PetersR. L.HaeniM.WilhelmM.ZweifelR. (2021). Processing and extraction of seasonal tree physiological parameters from stem radius time series. Forests12, 765. doi: 10.3390/f12060765
29
LiR.WergerM. J. A.KroonH. D.DuringH. J.ZhongZ. C. (2000). Interactions between shoot age structure, nutrient availability and physiological integration in the giant bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens. Plant Biol.2, 437–446. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-5962
30
LiaoJ.ZhangW. D.XueJ. H.ShiJ. M.ShaoJ. F.ZengX. W. (2002). An integrated evaluation of mixed type of moso bamboo and broad-leaved tree mixed forest. Acta Agric. Univ. Jiangxiensis24, 346–349. doi: 10.13836/j.jjau.2002079
31
LimaR. A. F.RotherD. C.MulerA. E.LepschI. F.RodriguesR. R. (2012). Bamboo overabundance alters forest structure and dynamics in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Biol. Conserv.147, 32–39. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.015
32
LiuC. Y.FangW. J.CaiQ.MaS. H.JiangX. X.JiC. J.et al. (2017). Allometric relationship between tree height and diameter of Larch Forests in China. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekinensis53, 1081–1088. doi: 10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.127
33
LiuS. S.LiX. X.RossiS.WangL. L.LiW.LiangE. Y.et al. (2018). Differences in xylogenesis between dominant and suppressed trees. Am. J. Bot.105, 1–7. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1089
34
LiuJ.YangQ. P.SongQ. N.YuD. K.YangG. Y.QiH. Y.et al. (2013). Strategy of fine root expansion of Phyllostachys pubescens population into evergreen broadleaved forest. Chin. J. Plant Ecol.37, 230–238. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00023
35
LiuS.ZhouG. M.BaiS. B. (2011). Light intensity changes on Cunninghamia lanceolata in mixed stands with different concentrations of Phyllostachys pubescens. J. Zhejiang Agric. For. Univ.28, 550–554.
36
LlambíL. D.FontaineM.RadaF.SaugierB.SarmientoL. (2003). Ecophysiology of dominant plant species during old-field succession in a high tropical Andean ecosystem. Arct. Antarct. Alp.35, 447–453. doi: 10.2307/1552346
37
MaatenaE.v.d.Maaten-TheunissenaM.v.d.SmiljaníM.RossibS.SimardS.WilmkingaM.et al. (2016). Dendromete R: Analyzing the pulse of trees in R. Dendrochronologia40, 12–16. doi: 10.1016/j.dendro.2016.06.001
38
MackR. N.SimberloffD.LonsdaleW. M.EvansH.CloutM.BazzazF. A. (2000). Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol. Appl.10, 689–710. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0689:BICEGC]2.0.CO;2
39
MäkinenH.SeoJ. W.NöjdP.SchmittU.JalkanenR. (2008). Seasonal dynamics of wood formation: a comparison between pinning, microcoring and dendrometer measurements. Eur. J. For. Res.127, 235–245. doi: 10.1007/s10342-007-0199-x
40
NanayakkaraB.DicksonA. R.MeasonD. F. (2019). Xylogenesis of Pinus radiata D. Don growing in New Zealand. Ann. For. Sci.76, 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s13595-019-0859-2
41
OuyangM.YangQ. P.ChenX.YangG. Y.ShiJ. M.FangX. M. (2016). Effects of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on species composition, structure and diversity of the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forests. Biodiv. Sci.24, 649–657. doi: 10.17520/biods.2015290
42
PagadS. (2016). Bamboos and invasiveness-identifying which bamboo species pose a risk to the natural environment and what can be done to reduce this risk (Beijing, China: The International Bamboo and Rattan Organization (INBAR).
43
PreislerY.TatarinovF.GrunzweigJ. M.YakirD. (2021). Seeking the "point of no return" in the sequence of events leading to mortality of mature trees. Plant Cell Environ.44, 1315–1328. doi: 10.1111/pce.13942
44
PrimiciaI.CamareroJ. J.ImbertJ. B.CastilloF. J. (2013). Effects of thinning and canopy type on growth dynamics of Pinus sylvestris, inter-annual variations and intra-annual interactions with microclimate. Eur. J. For. Res.132, 121–135. doi: 10.1007/s10342-012-0662-1
45
PyšekP.HulmeP. E.SimberloffD.BacherS.BlackburnT. M.CarltonJ. T.et al. (2020). Scientists' warning on invasive alien species. Biol. Rev.95, 1511–1534. doi: 10.1111/brv.12627
46
R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing,v.3.6.2. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.R-project.org/.
47
RossiS.AnfodilloT.ČufarK.CunyH. E.DeslauriersA.FontiP.et al. (2016). Pattern of xylem phenology in conifers of cold ecosystems at the Northern Hemisphere. Global Change Biol.22, 3804–3813. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13317
48
RossiS.DeslauriersA.MorinH. (2003). Application of the Gompertz equation for the study of xylem cell development. Dendrochronologia21, 33–39. doi: 10.1078/1125-7865-00034
49
SaderiS.RathgeberC.RozenbergP.FournierM. (2019). Phenology of wood formation in larch (Larix decidua Mill.) trees growing along a 1000-m elevation gradient in the French Southern Alps. Ann. For. Sci.76, 76–89. doi: 10.1007/s13595-019-0866-3
50
Sanmiguel-ValleladoA.CamareroJ. J.Morán-TejedaE.GazolA.ColangeloM.Alonso-GonzálezE.et al. (2021). Snow dynamics influence tree growth by controlling soil temperature in mountain pine forests. Agr. For. Meteorol.296, 108205. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108205
51
ShaoY. C.LiJ. J.FuD. F.LiE. H.ZhungJ. Y. (2015). Photosynthetic and transpiration characteristics of eight deciduous broad-leaved treesin summer in Shanghai. J. Northwest For. Univ.30, 30–38. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2015.04.05
52
ShiJ. M.GuoQ. R.YangG. Y. (2007). Study on the transpiration dynamic variation of Phyllostachys edulis. For. Res.20, 101–104. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2015.04.05
53
ShinoharaY.KomatsuH.KuramotoK.OtsukiK. (2013). Characteristics of canopy interception loss in Moso bamboo forests of Japan. Hydrol. Process27, 2041–2047. doi: 10.1002/hyp.9359
54
ShinoharaY.MisumiY.KubotaT.NankoK. (2019). Characteristics of soil erosion in a moso-bamboo forest of western Japan: Comparison with a broadleaved forest and a coniferous forest. Catena172, 451–460. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.09.011
55
ShinoharaY.OtsukiK. (2015). Comparisons of soil-water content between a Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest and an evergreen broadleaved forest in western Japan. Plant Spec. Biol.30, 96–103. doi: 10.1111/1442-1984.12076
56
SongQ. N.LuH.LiuJ.YangJ.YangG. Y.YangQ. P. (2017). Accessing the impacts of bamboo expansion on NPP and N cycling in evergreen broadleaved forest in subtropical China. Sci. Rep.7, 40383. doi: 10.1038/srep40383
57
SongQ. N.OuyangM.YangQ. P.LuH.YangG. Y.ChenF. S.et al. (2016a). Degradation of litter quality and decline of soil nitrogen mineralization after moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubscens) expansion to neighboring broadleaved forest in subtropical China. Plant Soil404, 113–124. doi: 10.1007/s11104-016-2835-z
58
SongX.PengC.ZhouG.GuH.LiQ.ZhangC. (2016b). Dynamic allocation and transfer of non-structural carbohydrates, a possible mechanism for the explosive growth of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla). Sci. Rep.6, 1–8. doi: 10.1038/SREP25908
59
StanglerD. F.KahleH. P.RadenM.LaryschE.SeifertT.SpieckerH. (2021). Effects of intra-seasonal drought on kinetics of tracheid differentiation and deasonal growth dynamics of Norway spruce along an elevational gradient. Forests12, 274. doi: 10.3390/f12030274
60
TianQ. Y.HeZ. B.XiaoS. C.PengX. M.DingA. J.LinP. F. (2017). Response of stem radial growth of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) to environmental factors in the Qilian Mountains of China. Dendrochronologia44, 76–83. doi: 10.1016/j.dendro.2017.04.001
61
TsaiC. C.HungL. F.ChungJ. D.ChenS. J.ChienC. T.KaoW. Y.et al. (2018). Radial growth of Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata displays a larger temperature sensitivity in dominant than codominant trees. Ann. For. Sci.75, 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s13595-018-0735-5
62
VieiraJ.CarvalhoA.CampeloF. (2020). Tree growth under climate change: Evidence from xylogenesis timings and kinetics. Front. Plant Sci.11. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00090
63
VilàM.EspinarJ. L.HejdaM.HulmeP. E.JarošíkV.MaronJ. L.et al. (2011). Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecol. Lett.14, 702. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01628.x
64
VisserM. D.SchnitzerS. A.Muller-LandauH. C.JongejansE.KroonH.ComitaL. S.et al. (2018). Tree species vary widely in their tolerance for liana infestation: A case study of differential host response to generalist parasites. J. Ecol.106, 781–794. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12815
65
WangM. C.JiangY.DongM. Y.ZhangW. T.WangB.ZhangY. P.et al. (2018). The contributions of rate and duration of stem radial increment to annual increments of Picea meyeri in a sub-alpine habitat, North-Central China. Trees-Struct. Funct.32, 1029–1041. doi: 10.1007/s00468-018-1693-0
66
WangY. F.NeilP.AaronM. E.HannahL. B.BradleyS. C.EryuanL.et al. (2016). Increased stem density and competition may diminish the positive effects of warming at alpine treeline. Ecology97, 1668–1679. doi: 10.1890/15-1264.1
67
XiangW. H.WuW.TongJ.DengX. W.TianD.ZhangL.et al. (2013). Differences in fine root traits between early and late-successional tree species in a Chinese subtropical forest. Forestry86, 343–351. doi: 10.1093/forestry/cpt003
68
XuQ. F.LiangC. F.ChenJ. H.LiY. C.QinH.FuhrmannJ. J. (2020). Rapid bamboo invasion (expansion) and its effects on biodiversity and soil processes +. Glob. Ecol. Conserv.21, e00787. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00787
69
XuS.LiuL. L.SayerE. J. (2013). Variability of above-ground litter inputs alters soil physicochemical and biological processes: a meta-analysis of litterfall-manipulation experiments. Biogeosciences10, 7423–7433. doi: 10.5194/bg-10-7423-2013
70
YangQ. P.GuoY. R.LanW. J.SongQ. N.YangG. Y. (2017). Addition effects of co-expansion of two bamboos on plant diversity in broad-leaved forests. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol.28, 3155–3162. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201710.007
71
YangD. D.LiuH. S.YuX. L.LiZ. Y.HeZ.LuH. J.et al. (2009). Investigation and analysis of the mammal resources in Qiyunshan Nature Reserve,Jiangxi Province. J. Cent. South Univ. For. Tech.29, 45–50. doi: 10.14067/j.cnki.1673-923x.2009.01.024
72
YingW.JinJ.JiangH.ZhangX.LuX.ChenX.et al. (2016). Satellite-based detection of bamboo expansion over the past 30 years in Mount Tianmushan, China. Int. J. Remote Sens.37, 2908–2922. doi: 10.1080/01431161.2016.1186851
73
ZengX. Q.DurkaW.WelkE.FischerM. (2017). Heritability of early growth traits and their plasticity in 14 woody species of Chinese subtropical forest. J. Plant Ecol.10, 222–231. doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtw086
74
ZhangJ. Z.GouX. H.AlexanderbM. R.XiaJ.WangF.ZhangF.et al. (2021). Drought limits wood production of JuniPerus przewalskii even as growing seasons lengthens in a cold and arid environment. Catena196, 104936. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2020.104936
75
ZhangY. P.JiangY.WangB.JiaoL.WangM. C. (2018). Seasonal water use by Larix principis-rupprechtii in an alpine habitat. For. Ecol. Manage.409, 47–55. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.009
76
ZhaoX. H.ZhaoP.ZhangZ. Z.ZhuL. W.NiuJ. F.NiG. Y.et al. (2017). Sap flow-based transpiration in Phyllostachys pubescens: applicability of the TDP methodology, age effect and rhizome role. Trees-Struct. Funct.31, 765–779. doi: 10.1007/s00468-016-1407-4
77
ZhouY. Q.DongJ.GuanF. Y.FanS. H. (2016). Progress and prospects of the research on mixed bamboo and broadleaf forest. For. Res. Manage.145-150. doi: 10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2016.03.026
78
ZiacoE.BiondiF.RossiS.DeslauriersA. (2016). Environmental drivers of cambial phenology in Great Basin bristlecone pine. Tree. Physiol.36, 818–831. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpw006
79
ZiacoE.TruettnerC.BiondiF.BullockS. (2018). Moisture-driven xylogenesis in Pinus ponderosa from a Mojave Desert mountain reveals high phenological plasticity. Plant Cell Environ.41, 823–836. doi: 10.1111/pce.13152
80
ZweifelR.SterckF.BraunS.BuchmannN.EugsterW.GesslerA.et al. (2021). Why trees grow at night. New. Phytol.231, 2174–2185. doi: 10.1111/nph.17552
81
ZweifelR.ZimmermannL.NewberyZ. D. M. (2006). Intra-annual radial growth and water relations of trees: implications towards a growth mechanism. J. Exp. Bot.57, 1445–1459. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erj125
Summary
Keywords
intra-annual increment, radial growth rate and duration, diel growth patterns, biological expansions, bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)
Citation
Gong C, Zeng X, Zhu X, Huang W, Compson ZG, Ren Z, Ran H, Song Q, Yang Q, Huang D and Liu J (2023) Bamboo expansion promotes radial growth of surviving trees in a broadleaf forest. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1242364. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242364
Received
19 June 2023
Accepted
28 August 2023
Published
13 September 2023
Volume
14 - 2023
Edited by
Shen Shicai, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Reviewed by
Qiaoqiao Huang, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, China; Bharat Babu Shrestha, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Gong, Zeng, Zhu, Huang, Compson, Ren, Ran, Song, Yang, Huang and Liu.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jun Liu, ljaim99@163.com
†These authors share first authorship
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.