Integrated transcriptome, GWAS and metabolome revealed the mechanism of seed germination in sorghum

Lan Ju¹Ruizhen Liu²Xiaoqiang Cheng²Yao Wang²Xin Lv¹Jianqiang Chu¹Hao Niu¹Haisheng Yan¹Yubin Wang¹Fangfang Fan¹Junai Ping^1*

• ¹Sorghum Research Institute，Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
• ²College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China

In sorghum production, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most important problems, and the primary cause of sprouting susceptibility is a low dormancy prior to crop harvest. To cope with this situation, we conducted transcriptome, metabolome and genome-wide association studies to understand the mechanism underlying sorghum seed dormancy and germination. We constructed 36 transcriptome libraries from 4 sorghum materials with contrasting germination abilities at 3 developmental stages. The KEGG analysis based on transcriptome data showed that metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction are greatly enriched. In plant hormone signal transduction, genes associated with ABA, GA, BR and auxin signaling pathway are involved in seed germination. GWAS of the 24h germination rate across 232 cultivars identified four significant SNPs and 31 candidate genes, with SbPP2C33 emerging as the top candidate based on transcriptome integration. Combining transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that genes facilitating starch/sucrose conversion to glucose, fructose, and maltose were up-regulated in low-dormancy genotypes, consistent with the accumulation levels of corresponding metabolites. In summary, our findings demonstrate that ABA signaling, mediated by SbPP2C33, coordinates carbohydrate mobilization during seed germination in sorghum. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the hormonal regulation of metabolic processes in cereal crops.