Fire history and treeline elevation in the Apennines: insights from pedo-anthracological analysis on Monte Cervati, Southern Italy

Giuliano Bonanomi¹Adriano Stinca²Giandomenico Amoroso¹Emilia Allevato¹GIUSEPPINA IACOMINO¹Gianluigi Mauriello¹Riccardo Motti¹Alfredo Nicastri¹Francesca Bellucci¹Mohamed Rida Abelouah³Luigi Di Costanzo¹Mohamed Idbella^4*

• ¹University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Campania, Italy
• ²University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Campania, Italy
• ³Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Souss-Massa, Morocco
• ⁴Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco

The treeline elevation in the Apennines is significantly lower than its climatic potential, often attributed to historical anthropogenic disturbances such as fires, logging, and grazing. However, the specific impacts of individual disturbance events, particularly fires, on treeline dynamics remain unclear. This study investigates the relationship between treeline depression eleeavation and historical fire events using Monte Cervati (1,899 m a.s.l.) as a model system.Location: Monte Cervati, located in the Apennine Mountains, Italy.The current treeline elevation was mapped, and vegetation was characterized. Pedoanthracological analyses were conducted in a sinkhole near the summit to reconstruct past vegetation and fire history. Charcoal samples from a paleosol layer were identified and dated to determine past fire events and vegetation composition.The present treeline, composed exclusively of Fagus sylvatica, is situated at an average elevation of 1,710 m a.s.l., with higher elevations on northern slopes compared to southern ones. The vegetation above the treeline is dominated by small herbaceous species (Plantago subulata), with scattered shrubs such as Daphne oleoides and Juniperus communis. Notably, no F. sylvatica regeneration was observed above the treeline. Pedo-anthracological analysis revealed a charcoal-rich layer within a paleosol at 1,806 m a.s.l., dating back to approximately 4,800 BP. Charcoal analysis identified remains from herbaceous (Dactylis), shrubs (Daphne), and trees (F. sylvatica), indicating that past vegetation consisted of wooded grassland.Conclusions: Historical fire events likely played a crucial role in shaping the current treeline structure by eliminating the arboreal component and promoting the establishment of a predominantly herbaceous landscape. These findings suggest that fire disturbances have long-term effects on treeline dynamics, potentially contributing to the treeline depression observed in the Apennines today.