Realized Genetic Gain for Yield and Yield Attributes in Groundnut Breeding at ICRISAT from an ERA Trial

Partha Pratim Behera¹Dnyaneshwar Deshmukh¹Anilkumar Vemula¹Kiranmayee Bangaru¹Rachana Bagudam¹Anurag Mathew¹Ashutosh Purohit¹Aparna Vishnumolakala¹Ankush Purushottam Wankhade²Safinaaz Kounain¹Nehru Guguloth³Murali Tottekkaad Variath¹Mukhtambica Kuruva³Gopi Potupureddi¹Surya Murugesan¹Anitha Raman¹Janila Pasupuleti^1*

• ¹Grain Legumes, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India
• ²Peanut Company of Australia Pty Ltd, Kingaroy, Australia
• ³Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, India

Groundnut or peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food and oilseed crop with a global production of >50 m t from ~34 m ha (FAOSTAT, 2023). ICRISAT groundnut breeding program established in 1976 has significantly contributed to the varietal development resulting in release of >240 varieties in 39 countries. Estimating realized genetic gain (RGG) in a breeding program helps to measure the progress made for agronomic traits and identify gaps to guide the breeding strategy. This study was conducted to estimate realized genetic gain using an Elite Replicated Agronomic (ERA) trail; five ERA trials representing three Product Concepts across market types and maturity durations. These trials included improved germplasm developed over a span of 15-20 years at ICRISAT and were evaluated for three key traits-pod yield (PY), 100 seed weight (HSW) and shelling outturn (SP). Among these, PY and HSW exhibited high repeatability and genetic advance as percentage of mean, whereas SP showed lower values. Realized genetic gain varied from 8.37 kg ha⁻¹Year-1 (0.48%) to 54.85 kg ha⁻¹Year-1 (3.91%) for PY. Spanish Bunch germplasm recorded higher realized GG of 46.45 kg ha⁻¹Year-1 (2.95%) for pod yield, compared to Virginia Bunch germplasm with a marginal gain of 5.97 kg ha⁻¹Year-1 (0.23%). Higher RGG is realised in medium-duration and late-maturing germplasm with 27.1 kg ha⁻¹Year-1 (1.62%) and 25.32 kg ha⁻¹Year-1 (1.52%), respectively, while realised GG in early maturing germplasm was 8.37 kg ha⁻¹Year-1 (0.5%). Among the traits, RGG was highest for PY across all the trials. Higher RGG for PY and HSW was observed during rainy season as compared to post-rainy season, while SP showed a decline. This study helps the breeders to optimize selection methods and design breeding strategies to enhance realized genetic gain for SP across two market types, and three maturity durations. The study suggests a need for breeding strategies to enhance the rate of RGG for PY in early maturing germplasm.