Your new experience awaits. Try the new design now and help us make it even better

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Plant Sci.

Sec. Plant Nutrition

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1651108

This article is part of the Research TopicEnhancing Plant Health Through Silicon Supplementation Under Nutritional StressView all 7 articles

Silicon and Phosphorus Impacts on Seasonal Nutrient Dynamics and Tree Performance of Citrus sinensis L. under Endemic Huanglongbing Conditions

Provisionally accepted
José  Luis Prieto FajardoJosé Luis Prieto Fajardo1Jonas  Pereira Souza JúniorJonas Pereira Souza Júnior1*Muhammad  A. ShahidMuhammad A. Shahid2William  HammondWilliam Hammond3Lauren  DiepenbrockLauren Diepenbrock1Davie  Mayeso KadyampakeniDavie Mayeso Kadyampakeni1*
  • 1University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, United States
  • 2University of Florida North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna, United States
  • 3University of Florida, Gainesville, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Under endemic Huanglongbing (HLB) conditions, optimizing nutrient management in citrus production is crucial to mitigate disease-related disruptions in nutrition uptake and improve citrus tree health and productivity. This study evaluated the influence of foliar-applied silicon (Si) and soil-applied phosphorus (P) on the seasonal nutrient dynamics of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) leaves. The experiment was conducted in a mature orchard over five seasons using three Si application rates (3.75, 7.50, and 11.25 mg per plant) in two P fertilization levels (15.63 and 31.26 g P per plant). Leaf samples were collected seasonally and analyzed for macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations. Horticultural parameters such as trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and total canopy volume (TCV) were also measured. Results demonstrated that seasonal variation was the primary driver of leaf nutrient concentrations, with Summer generally favoring higher accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and iron. Silicon application showed greater benefits under low P availability, particularly at the low rate (3.75 mg per plant), which improved the accumulation of key nutrients such as magnesium and enhanced TCSA. Under high P conditions, the effects of Si were more variable, with limited or inconsistent impacts on nutrient uptake. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that Si contributed to distinct nutrient grouping patterns and influenced the multivariate nutrient network, particularly under P-limiting conditions. These findings demonstrated the context-dependent nature of Si efficacy and emphasize the importance of optimizing both the rate and timing of application. The study provides evidence that foliar Si application can support nutrient acquisition and plant development in citrus, especially in a low P availability scenario. Integrating Si into nutrient management programs may enhance the resilience and productivity of citrus trees under variable environmental and soil fertility conditions especially under the endemic conditions of citrus greening in Florida.

Keywords: Citrus sinensis, foliar silicon application, Phosphorus availability, nutrient use efficiency, Plant Nutrition

Received: 20 Jun 2025; Accepted: 02 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Fajardo, Souza Júnior, Shahid, Hammond, Diepenbrock and Kadyampakeni. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Jonas Pereira Souza Júnior, jpereiradesouza@ufl.edu
Davie Mayeso Kadyampakeni, dkadyampakeni@ufl.edu

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.