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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Plant Sci.

Sec. Crop and Product Physiology

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1687794

This article is part of the Research TopicAdvancements in Light Management Strategies for Crop ProductivityView all 8 articles

High Light Intensity Enhances Cannabinoid Biosynthesis Through Concerted Gene Expression in Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Flowers

Provisionally accepted
Seungyong  HahmSeungyong Hahm1Gwonjeong  BokGwonjeong Bok2Sungjin  KimSungjin Kim1Byungjun  KimByungjun Kim1Yongjae  LeeYongjae Lee1Sunwoo  KimSunwoo Kim1Jongseok  ParkJongseok Park1*
  • 1Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  • 2Sunchon National University, Suncheon-si, Republic of Korea

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Research on optimizing light intensity to maximize phytochemical production during hemp flowering is limited, despite growing global demand. We investigated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) intensity on hemp growth, cannabinoid content, and gene expression. Hemp plants (Cannabis sativa 'Queen Dream') were grown under white LEDs at light intensities of 200, 400, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 with a 12/12 h photoperiod for 35 days during the flowering stage. The dry mass of stems, leaves, and flowers increased linearly with increasing light intensity. Cannabinoid analysis revealed that levels of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid, and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid increased linearly with light intensity, reaching the highest levels at 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. Total CBD increased by 36.88% at 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 compared to 200 μmol·m−2·s−1. CBD yield per plant also increased linearly across the entire light intensity range. Gene expression analysis revealed a coordinated upregulation of genes involved in the hexanoate–olivetolic acid–cannabigerolic acid–cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway under high light intensity, with a notable increase in cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) expression. These findings demonstrate that a light intensity of 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 effectively enhances both biomass and cannabinoid accumulation at the flowering stage, providing valuable insights for controlled-environment hemp cultivation aimed at maximizing CBD yield.

Keywords: Cannabinoids, Industrial cannabis, Inflorescence, Photosynthesis, Plant factory

Received: 18 Aug 2025; Accepted: 03 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Hahm, Bok, Kim, Kim, Lee, Kim and Park. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Jongseok Park, jonseok@cnu.ac.kr

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