Beyond Essentiality: Silicon as a Systems Regulator of Photosynthesis Under Stress Scenarios

Mohammad Mukarram^1*Andleeb Zehra²Shadma Afzal³Alena Sliacka Konôpková⁴Khalid Ali Khan^5,6Abdulaziz R. Alqahtani⁷Haitham Ibrahim El-Mekkawy⁸Daniel Kurjak^4,9Alexander Lux^10,11Rizhao Chen^1*Qiyun Li¹

• ¹Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
• ²Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
• ³Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
• ⁴Technicka Univerzita vo Zvolene Lesnickej Fakulte, Zvolen, Slovakia
• ⁵Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
• ⁶Applied College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
• ⁷Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
• ⁸Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
• ⁹Ustav ekologie lesa Slovenskej akademie vied, Zvolen, Slovakia
• ¹⁰Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave, Bratislava, Slovakia
• ¹¹Slovenska akademia vied, Bratislava, Slovakia

Silicon (Si), although not classified as an essential element, has emerged as a key modulator of photosynthesis and stress resilience in higher plants. However, despite extensive reports on its beneficial effects, a clear mechanistic understanding of how Si modulates photosynthetic machinery under stressful environments remains fragmented and inconsistent. This review critically synthesises recent advances in Si-mediated regulation of photosynthesis under both optimal and stress conditions. We highlight its influence on chlorophyll stability, photosystem (PSII/PSI) efficiency, electron transport, stomatal conductance, and nutrient homeostasis. We emphasise Si's interaction with phytohormones and signalling molecules, including abscisic acid (ABA), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which integrate hormonal and redox regulation of guard cell function. Emerging multi-omics studies and silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) reveal how Si alters transcriptional networks, protein stability, and metabolite balance to sustain photosynthetic performance. This review addresses the knowledge gap in connecting Si-driven nutrient regulation with photosynthetic resilience by bridging omics approaches, hormonal crosstalk, and nanotechnology interventions. We conclude that strategic Si supplementation can be a sustainable approach to strengthen plant photoroductivity under climate change scenarios.