ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Plant Sci.
Sec. Plant Breeding
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1693316
This article is part of the Research TopicAdvancing the Understanding of Genotype-Environment Interaction for Yield Stability and Adaptability in Crop BreedingView all 3 articles
Phenotypic Stability and Adaptability of Wheat Genotypes under Organic and Conventional Farming Systems over Five Years using AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis
Provisionally accepted
Nasser S. Al-Ghumaiz1,2
Mohamed I. Motawei1,2*Ahmed M. Aggag1Soleman Al-Otayk1Abdulmajeed A. Alzamil1,2- 1Qassim University College of Agriculture and Food, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- 2Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Organic agriculture is recognized for its sustainability, although it typically yields less than conventional systems. This study evaluated seven elite wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) over five years in a randomized complete block design with three replications, under both organic and conventional fertilization conditions. Integrated analyses using the AMMI model and GGE biplot revealed the significant effects of genotype, environment, and their interactions. The AMMI analysis showed that genotype IC8 achieved the highest mean yield (1.868 t ha-1) and the lowest AMMI stability value (ASV = 0.474). This low ASV suggests high stability, indicating broad adaptability, especially under organic conditions. In contrast, Sids_12 (mean = 1.492 t ha-1; ASV = 2.017) and LOCAL (mean = 1.304 t ha-1) exhibited great instability and specific adaptation. GGE biplot analysis explained 75.46% of the total variation (PC1 = 57.09%, PC2 = 18.37%), further confirming IC8’s stable performance across both systems while identifying P5 and IC17 as particularly responsive under conventional fertilization. These findings provide a basis for selecting wheat genotypes that balance high yield and stability, informing breeding strategies for sustainable crop production in both organic and conventional systems.
Keywords: AMMI model, GGE biplot, genotype × environment interaction, wheat, stability, Crop genetic diversity, organic and conventional fertilization
Received: 26 Aug 2025; Accepted: 09 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Al-Ghumaiz, Motawei, Aggag, Al-Otayk and Alzamil. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Mohamed I. Motawei, rumotawei@hotmail.com
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