ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Plant Sci.
Sec. Plant Breeding
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1705322
Combining Ability and Gene Action for Flowering, Plant Height, Grain Size and Yield in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes
Provisionally accepted
- 1Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Crop and Soil Science, Lilongwe Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- 2Department of Agricultural Research Services, Lifuwu Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 102, Salima, Malawi, Salima, Malawi
- 3International Rice Research Institute Kenya, IRRI – ESA Africa Regional Office, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya, Nairobi, Malawi
- 4CSIR – Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Fumesua-Kumasi, Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana
- 5CSIR – Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-College of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Resources Development, P.O. Box 3785, Fumesua-Kumasi, Ghana, Ghana, Malawi
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most fundamental staple cereal crops feeding more than half of the global population. The current study was carried out at Lifuwu Agricultural Research Station – Experimental Fields in Salima District (in Malawi) during the 2024/2025 rainy season in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications using a total of 15 rice genotypes. The aim of the study was to determine combining ability and gene action of 4 key rice traits such as flowering, plant height, grain size and yield. General Combining Ability (GCA) is the average performance of a genotype across multiple hybrid combinations, mainly due to additive genetic effects while Specific Combining Ability (SCA) is the deviation from expected performance in specific crosses, attributed to non-additive genetic effects such as dominance and epistasis. Since genetic variance components are not directly observable, crossing methods such as North Carolina Design II (NCD II) was therefore used in the current study to reveal those parameters. Gen stat 19th edition was used for the analysis of majority of the dataset in the current study and Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes, indicating substantial genetic variability across traits. Kudya rice genotype exhibited the highest positive GCA effects (1.015) indicating its strong potential as a grain yield contributor in hybrid combinations. The highest positive SCA effect was exhibited in a cross between Kudya and Kayanjamalo rice germplasm, indicating strong non-additive genetic contribution to yield performance. The highest mean grain yield per plant was recorded in the cross of Kudya × Kayanjamalo (19.0 g), while the lowest was observed in Uwemi × Kilombero (10.3 g). The implication of this study in rice breeding is that superior parents and hybrid combinations for grain yield, earliness to maturity and grain quality were identified for future breeding programmes. Key words: Rice breeding, gene action, combining ability, grain yield, correlation
Keywords: Rice breeding, Gene action, Combining ability, grain yield, Correlation
Received: 14 Sep 2025; Accepted: 13 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Jeke, Bokosi, Murori, Asante and Masamba. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Elias Jeke, eliasjeke01@gmail.com
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