Abstract
The development of stress tolerance is regulated via the transcriptional regulatory networks involving regulatory homeostasis mediated by protein–DNA interactions. LcNAC73 from Lonicera caerulea was characterized to understand the underlying mechanism of low-temperature and drought stress response in L. caerulea. To better understand the transcription pathway of LcNAC73, we cloned the promoter and screened proteins that could interact with the promoter. Using Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that the LcMYB71 protein specifically bound to the promoter of LcNAC73. The transient transformation and stable transgenic system were used to produce transgenic L. caerulea plants with overexpressed and silenced LcNAC73, elucidating the effect of LcNAC73 on low-temperature and drought stress tolerance. LcNAC73 positively regulated the proline content and enhanced the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, thus improving tolerance to low-temperature and drought stress. Further studies revealed that LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 had similar functions and could improve plant low-temperature and drought tolerance. It is necessary to identify the upstream regulators of a specific gene to characterize gene functions and the associated transcriptional pathways.
1 Introduction
Abiotic stress is an adverse environmental factor that must be addressed during plant growth and development. Examples of adverse environmental conditions include drought, salinity changes, extreme temperatures, herbivory, and pathogen infections (Liu et al., 2010; Zhu, 2016). Low-temperature stress (LTS) and drought stress are the two main environmental factors that inhibit plant development and have a significant effect on plant distribution and crop production. LTS can cause various unfavorable changes in plant growth and physiology by directly suppressing metabolism or indirectly causing oxidative/osmotic stress (Zhou et al., 2011). Drought is frequently associated with phytohormone production and/or mobilization. Under LTS and drought stress, plants accumulate significant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and other substances. These harmful substances cause oxidative damage to cells, affecting plant growth, development, quality, yield, and survival (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013). Improving plant tolerance to higher levels of environmental stress is the most effective and direct way of dealing with abiotic stress.
Several biological processes, including cell division, growth, metabolism, and responses to unfavorable environmental conditions, depend on the regulation of transcription (Abdallah and Bauer, 2016). Gene expression is influenced by TFs which bind to the gene promoters. Thus, determining the upstream regulators of genes is necessary to characterize gene expression, identify the associated pathways, and elucidate gene function (Yang et al., 2012).
NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) TFs specific to plants have been linked to various biological activities (Hu et al., 2010). NACs were named after three protein abbreviations: no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor (ATAF1-2), and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC2) (Aida et al., 1997). The NAC domain consists of approximately 150 amino acids. NACs have a conserved N-terminus related to DNA binding and a highly variable C-terminus related to transcription activation. The number and function of NACs vary across plant genomes (Ooka et al., 2003; Olsen et al., 2005; T et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2019). Plant growth (Wu et al., 2015), fruit maturation (Guo and Gan, 2006), leaf senescence (Shan et al., 2012), hormone signaling (Bu et al., 2008), biotic stress, and abiotic stress can all be regulated by NAC TFs (Wang and Dane, 2013). NACs have the potential to improve plant stress tolerance (Wang and Dane, 2013). The plant NAC transcription factor family includes the gene encoding the secondary cell wall NAC domain (SND). However, the physiology of stress tolerance and the molecular mechanism of secondary cell wall-related genes in non-model plants are unknown.
Blue honeysuckle, haskap, sweet berry, and honeyberry are all common names for L. caerulea (Rupasinghe et al., 2012). It is primarily found in cold regions of Japan, Eurasia, the Greater Khingan Mountains region of China, and North America (Miyashita et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2019). This edible berry-bearing plant is extremely hardy and can endure temperatures as low as –46°C without soil cover for safe overwintering (Celli et al., 2014). Additionally, L. caerulea is resistant to biological and abiotic stresses such as insects, diseases, and severe drought (Becker et al., 2017). To regulate low-temperature and drought tolerance, it is necessary to study the gene function and regulation mechanism of L. caerulea at the molecular level.
In L. caerulea, there is no stable genetic transformation system. In this study, transient genetic transformation technology was applied in L. caerulea for the first time to determine gene functions. Plant transient transformation systems are widely used in physiological and biochemical analyses and location research (Shan et al., 2019; Jia et al., 2022). The Transient transformation system has several advantages: Gene expression can be studied quickly without compromising the host genome’s stability (Ji et al., 2014). Furthermore, the transient transformation system can help complete genetic transformation in a short period (Zheng et al., 2012). These benefits make transient transformation technology an effective research tool, particularly for plant species lacking a stable genetic transformation system, so the technology is widely used to study gene function (Zang et al., 2017).
We are interested in how stress tolerance conferred by the SND gene to L. caerulea develops because L. caerulea has strong cold tolerance. First, we cloned two SND genes (GenBank number: OQ024230 and OP117114). We then discovered that SND genes were differentially expressed under LTS (Figure 1A and Supplementary Figure 1), with LcNAC73 having the highest level of expression (Figure 1A). Therefore, we investigated whether the LcNAC73 gene possesses low-temperature tolerance. In addition, we speculated that LcNAC73 may also be involved in other plant stress resistance processes, such as drought stress. Through qRT-PCR analysis, it was found that LcNAC73 could be induced by drought stress. Therefore, LcNAC73 was chosen as the target gene in this study to further investigate its function related to tolerance to LTS and drought stress. In addition, determining the upstream regulatory factors of specific genes is of great significance for studying their regulation mechanisms and regulatory networks. The upstream regulatory factors of LcNAC73 remain unclear. This study reveals a new transcriptional cascade in response to abiotic stress through a series of molecular biological experiments.
Figure 1
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Plant samples and processing
Lonicera caerulea seedlings were grown in pots containing turf peat and vermiculite in a ratio of 2:1 (v/v) in a greenhouse at 24°C, with a relative humidity (RH) of 70%–75% and a photoperiod of 14-h/10-h light/dark. Two months later, the seedlings of L. caerulea planted in a normal environment were irrigated using 20% PEG6000 solution for 0, 12, 24, and 48 h.
In the drought simulation test, plant seedlings were grown in the medium. A layer of dialysis membrane MD44 (3500D) (Solarbio, China, Beijing) was wrapped around the medium, and the bottom of the dialysis membrane was sealed with clips (Supplementary Figure 3A). The above experimental materials were placed vertically in a flowerpot with a water absorption hole below, and the flowerpot was filled with the medium. The flowerpot was soaked in a 20% PEG6000 solution, and then the solution was poured out of the dialysis bag (Supplementary Figure 3B). In the transient transformation test, the lower end of the dialysis membrane was sealed during drought treatment and then sterilized. The sterile operation platform was filled with a sterilized MS solid culture medium. The MS+20% PEG6000 liquid culture medium was added outside the culture medium after it had solidified and the temperature had dropped to room temperature. After soaking for 24 h in MS+20% PEG6000, the solid culture medium containing (Murashige and Skoog) MS was used for subsequent experiments. The cultured seedlings of L. caerulea infected with A. tumefaciens were placed on a solid medium and grew upwardly (Supplementary Figures 3C, D). Subsequently, the 20% PEG6000 stress time was determined. The seedlings were further treated in the same order for 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h.
The seedlings were kept at 4°C for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Then, whole plants were collected at specific time points to conduct subsequent analyses. At least 10 seedlings were collected for the analysis in each biological replicate, and three independent biological replicates were used.
The Arabidopsis thaliana WT plant seeds were from ABRC (CS70000), and Lonicera caerulea seeds were obtained from the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology of Chinese Academy of Sciences in China.
2.2 Cloning the LcNAC73 promoter
Based on the LcNAC73 sequence generated using the genome walking kit (Takara, Dalian, China), thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) was performed to amplify the promoter. The primers used for TAIL-PCR are provided in Supplementary Table 1. The programs PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/htmL/) and PLACE (http://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/PLACE) were used to predict the cis-acting motifs in the LcNAC73 promoter.
2.3 Vector establishment and transient genetic transformation
The promoter was fused with the firefly luciferase (LUC) reporter gene using the plasmid pGreen II0800-LUC. The LcNAC73 promoter fragments were 1869, 1296, 771, and 363 bp long (representing the length from the start point of the ATG translation sequence to the start of the upstream fragment). The promoters of pro1 (p1) and pro2 (p2) were inserted into pGreen II0800-LUC, as previously described. All fragments were cloned from the L. caerulea DNA, and reporter vectors were generated. The pGreen II0800-LUC vector was used as the negative control (NC). Each construct was later subjected to electroporation to the A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 and transformation to N. benthamiana using the transient expression assay method (Bian et al., 2020). A living fluorescence imager (DynaPlant Desktop, Microlens Technologies, Beijing, China) was used to test luciferase signaling. For the infiltrated N. benthamiana leaves, the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was used to determine the transcriptional activity, which was expressed as the LUC-to-REN ratio. All experiments were performed in three independent biological replicates.
Later, the coding sequences (CDSs) of LcNAC73 and LcMYB71 were fused with pROK2, which was controlled by the CaMV 35S promoter, to construct the plant overexpression vector. The 257-bp truncated cDNA sequence of LcNAC73 was inserted into the RNAi vector pFGC5941, and LcNAC73 was silenced by inserting inverted repeats at bilateral CHSA intron ends (pFGC: NAC73). Then, L. caerulea was genetically transformed with pROK2-LcNAC73 (for overexpressing LcNAC73, OX-NAC73), pROK2 (control, Con), and pFGC : NAC (for silencing LcNAC73, KD-NAC73). Similarly, a 246-bp truncated cDNA sequence was inserted into the RNAi vector pFGC5941, and LcMYB71 was silenced by inserting inverted repeats at the ends of the bilateral CHSA introns (pFGC: MYB71). pROK2-MYB71 (for overexpressing LcMYB71, OX-MYB71), pROK2 (Con), and pFGC : MYB (for silencing LcMYB71, KD-MYB71) were then used to genetically transform L. caerulea. The information on all primers is presented in Supplementary Table 1.
The method described by Ji et al. (Ji et al., 2014) was used for transformation, with slight modifications. Briefly, a liquid lysogeny broth (LB) medium containing rifampicin (50 mg/L) and kanamycin (50 mg/L) was used to grow vector-transfected A. tumefaciens EHA105 colonies. This was followed by culturing at 28°C with shaking at 180 rpm until the absorbance (OD) reached 0.6–0.7 at 600 nm (OD600). Then, the cultures were centrifuged at 3000×g for 10 min, followed by adjustment of the cells to an OD600 of 0.8 using the transformation solution [MS + 2.5% (w/v) sucrose + 100 µM acetosyringone + 0.01% (v/v) Tween20, pH 5.8]. To conduct transient genetic transformation, each plant was immersed in the transformation solution for 7 h at 25°C with shaking at 100 rpm. The plant was then rinsed immediately using distilled water to remove excess A. tumefaciens cells, and the samples were covered with sterile filter paper to remove excess water. The plant samples were then grown vertically in the solid medium [MS + 1% (w/v) sucrose + 100 µM acetosyringone + 4.44 µM BA + 4.92 µM IBA, pH 5.8] for 48–72 h. At 48 h after culture, the transformation was completed, and each plant was used for further analysis, including LTS or 20% PEG6000 treatment (Supplementary Figures 3E–H).
To validate the transient transformation efficiency, the pCAMBIA1301 vector was transformed into L. caerulea using our transient transformation system, and GUS staining and GUS activity of L. caerulea were analyzed after 2 h, 4 h, and 7 h of transformation. The method described by Blázquez was used to determine GUS activity (Blázquez, 2007). All the experiments were performed in three independent biological replicates.
2.4 Determination of the upstream regulator of the LcNAC73 gene using Y1H analysis
To identify the TFs that bound to the promoter of LcNAC73, Y1H assays were performed. We constructed a yeast one-hybrid library containing four MYB genes (GenBank numbers: OP117115, OQ145321, OQ145322, OQ145323) using the SMART® cDNA Library Construction Kit (Takara Bio, USA). The pHIS2 vector (Takara) was then cloned with different sites of the LcNAC73 promoter to form the bait (pHIS2-pro1 to 5, Supplementary Table 1). A Y1H assay was performed to screen the prey cDNA library to investigate protein-truncated promoter interactions.
2.5 Analysis of subcellular localization
To construct the plant expression vector 35S: NAC73-GFP, LcNAC73 CDS without any termination codon was fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) CDS at its 5′-end under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. The GFP CDS regulated by the CaMV 35S promoter (35S:GFP) served as the reference, whereas the vector pCAMBIA1300-mKate-NLS (Shcherbo et al., 2007) was used as the positive nuclear control. The 35S:GFP and 35S: NAC73-GFP controls were then transfected into Arabidopsis protoplast cells (Zhang et al., 2009). A confocal laser scanning microscope (C2-ER; Nikon) was used to visualize the transformed Arabidopsis protoplast cells.
2.6 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay
The Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed to investigate the binding of LcMYB71 to the LcNAC73 promoter. After the transient transformation of 35S:MYB71-GFP in L. caerulea plants, a ChIP assay was performed using the transformed L. caerulea plants following the method described by Zang et al. (Zang et al., 2017) with some modifications. Briefly, the protein was cross-linked with chromatin DNA using 1% formaldehyde, with one-third of chromatin as the input reference. The chromatin was then sheared into 0.3–0.8 kb fragments using ultrasound and divided into two parts, with one part subjected to immunoprecipitation using the anti-GFP antibody (ChIP+) and the other part using the rabbit anti-hemagglutinin (HA) antibody for NC (ChIP−). The DNA fragments of the immunoprecipitated complexes were released by incubation for 6 h at 65°C. Chloroform was then added to extract and purify the immunoprecipitated DNA, followed by PCR and gel electrophoresis for product visualization. PCR was performed under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 58°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s, and finally 7 min at 72°C. The primers used for PCR are listed in Supplementary Table 2. An Agilent AriaMx (Agilent Stratagene, USA) was used for ChIP-qPCR. The PCR was carried out as follows: initial denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 12 s, 60°C for 30 s, 72°C for 40 s, and 82°C for 1 s. The endogenous control was the LcTUB1 sequence (GenBank number: MT344114).
2.7 Modulation of LcNAC73 via LcMYB71
To determine the role of LcMYB71 in regulating the expression of LcNAC73, various truncated promoters of LcNAC73 were fused using pGreen II0800-LUC to drive the expression of LUC genes as reporters (Supplementary Table 1). The construct 35S:LcMYB71 served as an effector. The transformation of the reporter construct and effector construct 35S:LcMYB71 was then completed in N. benthamiana through transient genetic transformation. Finally, the effector was transformed into N. benthamiana as a NC.
2.8 Physiological and phenotypic analysis
Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) were used for the histochemical staining of O2− and H2O2. Membrane injury was detected by Evans blue staining, following the method described by Romero-Puertas et al. (Romero-Puertas et al., 2004). Forty-eight hours after transient genetic transformation, the OE, KD, and Con L.caerulea plants were irrigated with 20% PEG6000 solution or treated at 4°C. The chlorophyll content was then measured according to the method described by Lichtenthaler (Lichtenthaler, 1987), while the SOD/POD activities and electrolyte leakage rate (ELR) were measured according to the method described by Verma et al. (Verma and Mishra, 2005). The proline content was determined using the method described by Ábrahám et al. (Ábrahám et al., 2010). MDA levels were determined using a Plant Malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kit (colorimetric method) (Jiancheng, Nanjing, China). ROS levels were measured using the ELISA method with a ROS ElISA Kit (Sbjbio, Nanjing, China). At least 10 seedlings were collected for the analysis in each biological replicate, and three independent biological replicates were used. The 4-week-old WT, OE4, OE10, and OE11 lines were irrigated again for 3 days after stopping irrigation for 16 days, and then the plant phenotypes were observed. Four-week-old WT, OE4, OE10, and OE11 lines were exposed to LTS at -20°C for 15 min and then allowed to grow under normal conditions, and the plant phenotypes were observed 7 days later.
2.9 Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay
The CTAB approach was used to extract the total RNA of L. caerulea. Contaminated DNA was removed following digestion with DNase I. cDNA was prepared from 1 µg of total RNA using the Primescript™ RT reagent kit (Takara Bio, USA), with oligo (dT) used as the primers. cDNA was then diluted to 100 µL and used as a template for PCR. Two endogenous controls were used to analyze LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 in the L. caerulea plants: LcTUB1 (GenBank number: MT344114) and LcACT1 (GenBank number: MT344113). To analyze gene expression in the OX-NAC73, KD-NAC73, and Con L. caerulea plants, LcTUB1 and LcACT1 were used as endogenous controls. PCR was performed on the Agilent AriaMx. A cDNA template (2 µL), primers (1 µL each), the SYBR Green Real-time PCR Master Mix (10 µL, Toyobo, Japan), and ddH2O were included in the PCR mixture (20 µL). The following conditions were used for PCR: initial denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 12 s, 60°C for 30 s, 72°C for 40 s, and 82°C for 1 s. The efficiency of PCR amplification was determined based on the melting curves for all samples. The 2−ΔΔCt approach was used to determine gene expression, and three independent biological replicates were set for each sample (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). The primers for PCR are presented in Supplementary Table 2.
2.10 Production of recombinant protein
The CDSs of LcMYB71 were cloned into the pCZN1 vector (Zoonbio, Nanjing, China) containing the 6×His tag in the N-terminal according to the specific protocols. To produce recombinant proteins, the constructs were transfected into Escherichia coli Arctic Express (DE3) (Weidi Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). HisPur Ni-NTA Resin (Thermo Scientific) was used to purify the recombinant protein. The primers used to develop the construct are listed in Supplementary Table 2. The pCZN1-LcMYB71 recombinant proteins were isolated using 12% SDS-PAGE (Supplementary Figure 6).
2.11 Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)
The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was conducted to detect LcMYB71 directly binding to DNA fragments of the LcNAC73 promoter. The LcMYB71 protein was obtained from E. coli, as described previously. The Biotin 3’-End DNA Labeling Kit (Thermo Scientific) was used to label the DNA fragments of the LcNAC73 promoter with biotin. The primers used to prepare probes are presented in Supplementary Table 3. The LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA Kit (Thermo Scientific) was used for EMSA, following the manufacturer’s instructions. The protein–DNA complexes were separated using 6% (w/v) native PAGE and transferred to a nylon membrane (Thermo Scientific). The signal was detected using chemiluminescence. Student’s t-test was carried out using the SPSS software (v.17.0) for all the statistical analyses to determine significant (*, P < 0.05).
3 Results
3.1 LcNAC73 cloning and analysis of L. caerulea
The full-length cDNA sequence of LcNAC73 in L. caerulea was cloned. The CDS of LcNAC73 was 729 bp long and encoded 242 aa. The neighbor-joining method was used for phylogenetic analysis using the software Clustal X software (version 1.81). LcNAC73 was compared with other NAC proteins from A. thaliana, O. sativa, Z. mays, B. platyphylla, V. vinifera, and P. trichocarpa. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that LcNAC73 was a member of the NAC family (Supplementary Figures 4A, B), and its homologous protein was NAC73, so it was designated as LcNAC73.
3.2 LcNAC73 is a nuclear protein
We fused the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to C-terminal of LcNAC73 to determine the subcellular localization experimentally. After co-transfection of pCAMBIA1300-mKate-NLS vector and recombinant LcNAC73-GFP vector into Arabidopsis, mKate and GFP fluorescence signals were observed in the nucleus. The results indicated that 35S:LcNAC73-GFP was only detected in the nucleus (Figures 2A–E). However, the nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescent signals from 35S: GFP were detected (Figures 2F–J), suggesting LcNAC73 is a nuclear protein.
Figure 2
3.3 Generation of transient LcNAC73-overexpressed or knockdown L. caerulea plants
Three L. caerulea plants with transient transformation were obtained in this study, namely plants with transient LcNAC73 overexpression (OX, under 35S:NAC transfection), control (Con, under blank pROK2 transfection), and transient LcNAC73 knockdown (KD, under pFGC : NAC transfection). To determine the expression of LcNAC73 in OX, Con, and KD plants, qRT-PCR was performed. After transfection for 48 h, the plants were subjected to 20% PEG6000 treatment or LTS or were planted in a normal environment for 24 h or 48 h to analyze the expression of LcNAC73 in plants from the OX, Con, and KD groups. After 24 h, the OX group had a significantly higher expression of LcNAC73 than did the Con group after LTS and drought stress. In contrast, the KD group had a significantly lower expression levels than did the Con group after LTS and drought stress (Figure 3). These findings suggest that transient transformation technology can be used to create plants overexpressing or with knocked down LcNAC73. Stress tolerance was evaluated after LcNAC73 expression in the OX and KD groups stabilized after 24 h (Figure 3). These constructed plants could be used for gain and loss-of-function assays.
Figure 3
The transient transformation system was used to transfect pCAMBIA1301 to determine the efficiency of the transient transformation system in L. caerulea plants. GUS gene expression was detected in the L. caerulea plants after GUS staining and GUS activity (Figures 3B, C). Transient transformation technology was effective for gene transformation in L. caerulea, and the transformation efficiency reached its best after 7 h.
3.4 Physiological analysis of LcNAC73
Physiological changes associated with stress tolerance to abiotic stress were analyzed to determine the role of LcNAC73 in mediating stress tolerance to LTS and drought stress. DAB and NBT were also used to stain the two major ROS, O2− and H2O2. Under normal conditions, the O2− and H2O2 levels were stable in the plants. However, under LTS and drought stress, their levels decreased significantly in the OX-NAC73 plants and increased in the KD-NAC73 plants compared with the Con plants (Figure 4A). According to the results of Evans blue staining, the staining intensities of the OX-NAC73, KD-NAC73, and Con plants were similar under normal conditions. However, after PEG or LTS treatment, membrane injury was lower in the OX-NAC73 plants and higher in the KD-NAC73 plants than in the Con plants (Figure 4A). Furthermore, after treatment with 20% PEG6000 or exposure to LTS, the ELR was significantly lower in the OX-NAC73 plants and significantly higher in the KD-NAC73 plants than in the Con plants (Figure 4C). This observation agrees with the results of Evans blue staining (Figure 4A). ROS level analysis and histochemical staining showed the same trend (Figure 4B). After treatment with 20% PEG6000 or exposure to LTS, the OX-NAC73 plants showed lower MDA levels than did the Con plants. In contrast, the KD-NAC73 plants showed a higher MDA level than did the Con plants (Figure 4D). Furthermore, in the OX-NAC73, KD-NAC73 and Con plants, SOD and POD activities and proline content remained stable in a normal environment with little difference. However, under 20% PEG6000 or LTS, these activities or contents increased considerably in the OX-NAC73 plants and decreased in the KD-NAC73 plants compared with those in the Con plants (Figures 4E–G). In the OX-NAC73, KD-NAC73, and Con plants, chlorophyll levels remained stable in a normal environment, with little difference. However, after low-temperature or drought treatment, the chlorophyll levels in OX-NAC73 plants decreased the least, followed by the Con plants, and KD-NAC73 plants showed the greatest decrease in chlorophyll levels (Figure 4H). Thus, LcNAC73 enhanced the tolerance to low-temperature or drought stress.
Figure 4
3.5 LcNAC73 modulated the expression of SOD and POD genes and proline biosynthesis
The L. caerulea plants overexpressing LcNAC73 showed enhanced SOD and POD activities, as well as elevated proline levels under low-temperature or 20% PEG6000 stress. Therefore, the genes associated with SOD and POD, activities and proline biosynthesis were investigated under 20% PEG6000 or LTS. The expression of LcSOD1-6, LcPOD1-4, and LcP5CS1 in the transient transformation of L. caerulea was analyzed. The OX-NAC73 plants expressed a high level of LcSOD1-6, LcPOD1-4, and LcP5CS1, while the KD-NAC73 plants expressed a low level, and the Con plants expressed an intermediate level (Figures 4I, J). These findings indicated that LcNAC73 overexpression increased the expression levels of P5CS, SOD and POD gene, thereby increasing SOD and POD activities and proline content.
3.6 LcNAC73 confers stress tolerance to LTS and drought stress in transgenic Arabidopsis plants
To determine the activity of LcNAC73, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing LcNAC73 were collected, and 10 T3 homozygous lines were acquired. The results of the qRT-PCR assay showed that LcNAC73 was successfully expressed in each transgenic line (Supplementary Figure 5). Three lines (4, 10, and 11) were selected for subsequent analysis. DAB staining indicated that the O2− or H2O2 level in Arabidopsis plant leaves remained stable under normal growth conditions (Figure 5A). In contrast, under 20% PEG6000 and LTS, WT plants had significantly higher O2− and H2O2 levels than did transgenic plants (Figure 5A). Overexpression of LcNAC73 reduced cell death under LTS and drought stress, according to the results of the ELR and Evans Blue staining (Figures 5A, C). The OE plants had lower MDA levels than did the Con plants under low-temperature or drought stress (Figure 5D). Similarly, after low-temperature or PEG stress, the plants in the transgenic lines had significantly higher SOD, POD, and ROS activities than did the WT plants (Figures 5B, E, F). Furthermore, under LTS and drought stress, the LcNAC73-transfected plants had a significantly higher proline content than did the WT lines (Figure 5G). Chlorophyll levels in transgenic lines and WT plants remained similar under normal conditions (Figure 5H). Under LTS and drought stress, however, chlorophyll levels decreased significantly more in the WT lines than in the transgenic lines (Figure 5H), indicating that LcNAC73 overexpression reduced chlorophyll loss after PEG treatment or low-temperature exposure. LcNAC73-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants had higher proline content, SOD, and POD activities than did the WT lines. Additionally, the expression levels of P5CS, SOD, and POD genes in WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants were analyzed. P5CS, SOD, and POD genes expression levels were significantly higher in Arabidopsis plants transfected with LcNAC73 under PEG and LTS than did the WT lines (Figures 5I, J). It was discovered that the survival rate of the overexpression lines was significantly higher than that of the WT lines by observing the phenotypes of WT, OE4, OE10, and OE11 lines under low-temperature or drought stress (Figures 5K, L). These findings demonstrated that LcNAC73- overexpressing plants were more tolerant to LTS and drought stress than the WT plants.
Figure 5
3.7 Cloning the LcNAC73 promoter
TAIL-PCR was conducted to clone an upstream fragment of the transcription start site containing the 729-bp LcNAC73 promoter sequence. The regulatory motifs of the promoter sequence were predicted, and cis-acting elements, including ABRE, MYC, MYB, and W-box (Figure 6A), were identified. This suggests that protein binding to the LcNAC73 promoter could influence the expression of LcNAC73.
Figure 6
The reporter gene was fused with three truncated and full-length fragments of the LcNAC73 promoter (1,269, 771, 363, and 1869 bp) (Figure 6A), followed by transfection in N. benthamiana to determine the response region to low-temperature or drought. The pGreen II0800-LUC vector was transfected with NC (Figure 6F). In the empty vector, the activity of LUC/REN was absent in the N. benthamiana lines or under PEG and LTS. The LUC/REN activity of the truncated fragments of the LcNAC73 promoter (pro-1269, pro-771, and pro-363) showed little change under PEG and LTS (Figures 6B–D). In contrast, the LUC/REN activity of the truncated fragments of the pro-1869 varied significantly (Figure 6E).
Based on the above results, we hypothesized that the LcNAC73 gene was strongly associated with stress tolerance to LTS and drought stress. These results indicate that the promoter of the LcNAC73 gene is an inducible promoter that responds to different types of stress. In addition, the promoter regions (1269–1869 bp) had strong effects on the response of the plant to low-temperature or drought stress.
3.8 Transcriptional activation of LcNAC73 via the direct combination of LcMYB71 and the LcNAC73 promoter
The 1269 to 1869 bp region in the LcNAC73 promoter strongly influenced the drought or low-temperature response, where two MYB-plant motifs were detected. A Y1H assay was performed to screen for proteins binding to pro1 (p1) and pro2 (p2). LcMYB71 (GenBank number: OP117115) was the target protein. To determine the role of LcMYB71 in activating gene levels by combining with the promoter of LcNAC73, truncated LcNAC73 promoters containing pro1 (p1), pro2 (p2), pro3 (p3), pro4 (p4), and pro5 (p5) (Figure 7A) were inserted into pHIS2. A Y1H assay was conducted to determine the specific binding of LcMYB71 to the promoter. The result showed that LcMYB71 failed to bind to the p3, p4, and p5 regions, indicating that LcMYB71 bound specifically to the p1 and p2 regions (Figure 7B).
Figure 7
To determine whether LcMYB71 could bind to the p1 and p2 regions of the LcNAC73 promoter, we performed the EMSA using p1, p2, p3, p4, and p5 as the probes. The EMSA revealed the shifted bands of the protein–DNA complex after the interaction between the probes of p1/p2 sequences and the LcMYB71 protein. Moreover, the signal intensity of the bound complex gradually decreased with an increase in the unlabeled competitor probes (Figure 7C), thus, confirming the binding of LcMYB71 to the p1 and p2 sequences.
A transient transformation assay on N. benthamiana leaves confirmed that LcMYB71 promoted the levels of reporters containing the p1/p2 promoters after fusion with LUC. After the co-transfection of pro1: LUC or pro2: LUC with 35S:MYB71 into N. benthamiana, luminescence was significantly enhanced, whereas no LUC activity was observed in NCs (pROK2, 35S:MYB71 and pro1: LUC or pro1: LUC) (Figure 7D). Thus, LcMYB71 enhanced LcNAC73 expression in vivo.
To determine the role of LcMYB71 in activating LcNAC73 by combining it with the LcNAC73 promoter, a ChIP assay using was performed using L. caerulea plants overexpressing the MYB71-GFP fusion gene. Moreover, the anti-GFP antibody (ChIP+) was used for the immunoprecipitation of the ChIP products, with HA antibody-immunoprecipitated chromatin being used as the NC (ChIP−) and input as the positive control. Truncated LcNAC73 promoters were then amplified by designing paired primers (Figure 7E). PCR was performed using ChIP+, ChIP−, and input as the templates. Gel electrophoresis was used to separate and visualize the ChIP-PCR products. According to the ChIP-qPCR results, two truncated promoters with specific amplification from the input control were amplified from ChIP+ but not from ChIP-control (Figure 7F). Similarly, the ChIP-qPCR results revealed that these two truncated promoters were significantly enriched when compared with the input (Figure 7G). These findings indicate that LcMYB71 combined with the LcNAC73 promoter of L. caerulea in vivo and served as the upstream regulator of LcNAC73.
3.9 Expression profiles of LcMYB71 and LcNAC73
To characterize the expression of LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 under LTS and drought stress, a qRT-PCR assay was conducted. In L. caerulea, LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 were induced by LTS and drought stress for 12 h, then downregulated to the lowest expression levels at 24 h, and gradually elevated to the peak expression levels at 48 h (Figure 1). Thus, the expression of LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 was activated under PEG and LTS. These genes are related to the response to abiotic stress. Additionally, they exhibited similar expression profiles under PEG and LTS, suggesting their involvement in the identical regulatory cascade and supporting the hypothesis that LcMYB71 is the upstream regulator of LcNAC73.
The expression of LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 was analyzed in the OX-MYB71, KD-MYB71, and Con plants using qRT-PCR. LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 expression levels were significantly higher in the OX-MYB71 plants and lower in the KD-MYB71 plants than those in the Con plants (Figure 1). These findings indicated that LcMYB71 activates transcription and positively modulates the expression of LcNAC73 in L. caerulea.
3.10 Physiological analysis of LcMYB71
Under normal conditions, the O2− and H2O2 levels were stable in the plants. However, under LTS and drought stress, their levels decreased significantly in the OX-MYB71 plants and increased in the KD -MYB71 plants compared with the Con plants (Figure 8A). According to the results of Evans blue staining, the staining intensities of the OX-MYB71, KD-MYB71, and Con plants were similar under normal conditions. However, after PEG or LTS treatment, membrane injury was lower in the OX-MYB71 plants and higher in the KD-MYB71 plants than in the Con plants (Figure 8A). Furthermore, after treatment with 20% PEG6000 or exposure to LTS, the ELR was significantly lower in the OX-MYB71 plants and significantly higher in the KD-MYB71 plants than in the Con plants (Figure 8C). This observation agrees with the results of Evans blue staining (Figure 8A). ROS level analysis and histochemical staining showed the same trend (Figure 8B). After treatment with 20% PEG6000 or exposure to LTS, the OX-MYB71 plants showed lower MDA levels than did the Con plants. In contrast, the KD-MYB71 plants showed a higher MDA level than did the Con plants (Figure 8D). Furthermore, in the OX-MYB71, KD-MYB71 and Con plants, SOD and POD activities and proline content remained stable in a normal environment with little difference. However, under 20% PEG6000 or LTS, these activities or contents increased considerably in the OX-MYB71 plants and decreased in the KD-MYB71 plants compared with those in the Con plants (Figure 8E–G). In the OX-MYB71, KD-MYB71, and Con plants, chlorophyll levels remained stable in a normal environment, with little difference. However, after low-temperature or drought treatment, the chlorophyll levels in OX-MYB71 plants decreased the least, followed by the Con plants, and KD-MYB71 plants showed the greatest decrease in chlorophyll levels (Figure 8H). Thus, LcNAC73 enhanced the tolerance to low-temperature or drought stress.
Figure 8
4 Discussion
We found that a transcriptional cascade composed of LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 responded to LTS and drought stress, primarily by increasing the scavenging capacity of ROS and the proline synthesis pathway (Figure 9). The interaction between LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 was confirmed using Y1H, EMSA, and Chip-PCR (Figure 7). Transient transformation plants and stable transformation plants overexpressing LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 exhibited similar physiological changes in terms of improving tolerance to LTS and drought stress (Figures 4, 5, 8). Overexpression of the LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 genes in both transient and stable transformation plants reduced ELR and MDA content while increasing POD and SOD activities, proline content, chlorophyll content, ROS activity, and other physiological changes in plants. These modifications are associated with increased tolerance to LTS and drought stress.
Figure 9
SND 2/3/4/5 in Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus trichocarpa are reported homologs of LcNAC73 (Zhong et al., 2021). SND 2/3/4/5 is a NAC transcription factor family nuclear protein (Fang et al., 2020). LcNAC73 is also a nuclear protein (Figure 2). SND1 gene expression can be significantly increased by salt and osmotic stress. SND1 directly inhibits ABA biosynthesis by inhibiting ABI4 transcripts, and SND1 overexpression improves plant stress tolerance to salt and osmotic stress (Jeong et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019). SND1 and SND2 form a transcription cascade in poplar (hybrid T89), and drought stress can induce SND2 express. (Yu et al., 2021). AtSND2 can promote the secondary cell wall deposition in Arabidopsis under LTS (Yu et al., 2021). These findings support the hypothesis that LcNAC73 regulates the response to LTS and drought stress in L. caerulea.
Many transcription cascades are important in plant responses to abiotic stress. MYB108 and ANAC003 form a transcription cascade in Arabidopsis to change leaf senescence (Chou et al., 2018). SND1 and MYB32, for example, form a transcription cascade in poplar to respond to drought stress by inhibiting monolignol biosynthesis (Wang et al., 2011). MYBs have been identified as SND’s downstream TFs in the transcriptional regulatory networks for wood formation (McCarthy et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2013; Nakano et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2015; Jiao et al., 2019), whereas we found LcMYB71 to be an upstream regulator of LcNAC73 in L. caerulea. A transcription cascade (LcMYB71-LcNAC73) was discovered in this study. We constructed a yeast one-hybrid library containing four MYB genes (GenBank numbers: OP117115, OQ145321, OQ145322, OQ145323). In the yeast one-hybrid library, only MYB71 can interact with the promoter of LcNAC73, so we only focus on MYB71 in the following experiments (Supplementary Figure 2). These interactions may also provide new insights for the study of the stress resistance regulatory network of L. caerulea.
Furthermore, homologs of LcMYB71 include AtMYB71/AtMYB79/AtMYB121 in A. thaliana and MYB2 in P. trichocarpa. In Arabidopsis, the transcriptional activator MYB71 positively regulates the ABA response (Cheng et al., 2022). MeMYB26 is a drought-responsive transcription factor in cassava related to AtMYB71/AtMYB79/AtMYB121 (Wang et al., 2021). The findings are consistent with ours, indicating that some MYB transcription factors influence plant stress tolerance to abiotic stress and that some may share transcription pathways with LcMYB71.
Transient genetic transformation technology, which is suitable for plants lacking a stable transformation system, was used in this study. The plant materials used in the previous report on the A. tumefaciens transient genetic transformation system are Tamarix hispida and Betula platyphylla (Ji et al., 2014; Jia et al., 2022). The research object of this article was L. caerulea. During the process of Agrobacterium infection, excessive concentration of bacterial solution can cause damage to the plant; Low bacterial concentration is not conducive to the introduction of exogenous genes. At the same time, the infection time should also be strictly controlled. If the infection time is too long, it will cause the explants to suffer from hypoxia and decay due to the toxicity of Agrobacterium; The short duration of infection prevents successful transformation. The optimal conversion time for transient transformation of Paeonia lactiflora is 12 h (Guan et al., 2022). The optimal time for transient transformation of lilies (Lilium longiflorum) is 5 h (Wu et al., 2022). In this study, GUS staining showed the best transformation efficiency at 7h. It can be seen that different species have different requirements for bacterial infection time during the genetic transformation process. Co-culture is aimed at continuously reproducing Agrobacterium attached to the wound of the explants, promoting the integration of T-DNA into the plant genome. Long co-culture time can cause the explants to be poisoned and die. Song et al. found that there was no significant change in the expression of the gene after co-culturing young leaves of Populus alba for 3-5 days (Song et al., 2019). We found in the experiment that the transformation efficiency of L. caerulea was stable after co-cultivation for 3-6 days, which is similar to previous research results (Guan et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2022). The culture medium and co-transformation time used in this study differ slightly from the experimental methods used in the previous article due to the different plant materials, but the above transient genetic transformation systems achieved the goal of quickly identifying gene function and the regulatory relationship between genes.
Plant phenotypes and physiological indicators change when exposed to abiotic stresses, such as low temperature or drought, and these modifications are critical for assessing plant stress tolerance. Under adverse conditions, ROS homeostasis in plants is destroyed (Zhang et al., 2011; Mittler, 2017). By enhancing the activities of SOD, POD, and other enzymes, the ROS scavenging ability in cells is improved, cell damage is reduced, intracellular stability maintained, and the stress tolerance of plants is enhanced correspondingly (Bhattacharjee, 2010). Furthermore, under abiotic stress, the MDA content, electrolyte rate, proline content, and chlorophyll content of plants will change, so the above physiological indicators are also important factors in measuring plant stress tolerance (Amini et al., 2015; Kaur and Asthir, 2015; Ma et al., 2015; Sharma et al., 2020). The plants overexpressing LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 in this study improved their ability to withstand LTS and drought stress by increasing ROS scavenging capacity and proline content.
The following are some of the potential limitations of this study: (1) Four genes containing the MYB domain were connected to the pGADT7 vector separately to form the yeast one hybrid library. This library does not contain all MYB genes, so when the LcNAC73 promoter recognized upstream regulators, it might have also combined with other MYB proteins, but this protein was not in the library we built. Thus, the upstream regulatory factors of LcNAC73 found by us are not comprehensive. (2) The object of this study was L. caerulea. Currently, a stable transformation system for L. caerulea has not been successfully developed. To investigate gene function, we employed A. tumefaciens transformation technology, which may not be suitable for all plants.
Given the aforementioned constraints, the following solutions are possible: (1) Construct a plant cDNA library and use yeast one-hybrid to obtain a large number of interacting proteins; (2) conduct extensive research on L. caerulea tissue culture technology and develop a stable transgenic system suitable for L. caerulea; (3) develop a transient transformation system that can be applied to most plants and can quickly screen gene functions.
Only the molecular mechanism of the formation of the LcMYB71-LcNAC73 transcription cascade was studied in depth in this study. There are numerous TFs-LcNAC73 transcription cascades to investigate. The key research questions are as follow. What role do transcriptional cascades play in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress? Is there a transcriptional cascade that functions similarly to the LcMYB71–LcNAC73? Furthermore, what triggered the transcription cascade of LcMYB71-LcNAC73 is unknown. In future work, we will investigate the issues raised above in greater depth.
5 Conclusions
The transcriptional cascade related to the stress tolerance to LTS and drought stress in L. caerulea was formed by LcMYB71 and LcNAC73. The expression of LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 increased in response to LTS and drought stress, resulting in increased osmotic potential and ROS scavenging capacity. The above molecular and physiological changes eventually promoted tolerance to LTS and drought stress.
Statements
Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.
Author contributions
DZ: Funding acquisition, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. YS: Software, Writing – original draft. HZ: Investigation, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. YQ2020C030), Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant No. 2020ZKHT-07), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 32201598).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1288947/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure 1Relative expression analysis of one SND gene in L. caerulea under low-temperature stress.
Supplementary Figure 2Analyses of the binding of MYBs to the truncated LcNAC73 promoter using Y1H.
Supplementary Figure 3Under abiotic stress, plants need to take additional preventive measures and phenotypes.
Supplementary Figure 4Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment of LcNAC73.
Supplementary Figure 5Analysis of LcNAC73 transcript levels in overexpression (OE) lines of Arabidopsis plants.
Supplementary Figure 6pCZN1-LcMYB71 were detected by SDS-Page.
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Summary
Keywords
Lonicera caerulea, low-temperature and drought stress tolerance, transcriptional regulatory cascade, LcMYB71-LcNAC73, transient genetic transformation, stable transgenic system
Citation
Zang D, Sun Y and Zhao H (2023) Transcriptional regulatory cascade of LcMYB71 and LcNAC73 affects low-temperature and drought stress response in Lonicera caerulea. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1288947. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1288947
Received
05 September 2023
Accepted
08 November 2023
Published
27 November 2023
Volume
14 - 2023
Edited by
Bin Xu, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
Reviewed by
Wang Aimin, Jiangsu Normal University, China; Wuwu Wen, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Zang, Sun and Zhao.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Dandan Zang, zangdandan@iga.ac.cn; Hengtian Zhao, zhaoht@iga.ac.cn
Disclaimer
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