REVIEW article
Front. Plant Sci.
Sec. Crop and Product Physiology
This article is part of the Research TopicPlant-Based Foods: Harmonizing Health Promotion and Sustainability Strategies from a High-Throughput PerspectiveView all 5 articles
New Insights into Organic Agriculture: Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities
Provisionally accepted
- 1Lovely Professional University College of Agriculture Science, Phagwara, India
- 2Institut Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian, Serdang, Malaysia
- 3NC State University, Raleigh, United States
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Organic agriculture has become a more sustainable option compared to conventional agriculture, emphasizing biodiversity, healthy soils, and restrained pesticide applications. The purpose of this review is to integrate advances in cross-regional organic agriculture, with a special focus on how policy contexts, certification schemes, and technological advancements interact to influence adoption and sustainability levels. It highlights the developments, challenges, and sustainable outcomes of organic agriculture systems in four major regions of the world, including India, Europe, Malaysia, and the United States. Comparative analysis indicates that policy-based models, such as the EU's Green Deal, which aims to have 25% of agricultural land under organic farming by 2030, have accelerated the adoption of organic agriculture. In contrast, U.S. systems, although yielding 10–18% less, have 22–35% higher profitability due to market incentives and USDA programs. It also seeks to contrast regional models of organic farming, providing a brief overview of policy regimes, certification systems, technological innovations, and disease management strategies in organic farming. In India, indigenous practices and Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) provide support to smallholder farmers. Europe stands in stark contrast to the overarching policy interventions outlined in the Green Deal. The United States focuses on market-led growth in the organic agriculture sector. Concurrently, Malaysia integrates government incentives, urban agriculture, and private-public partnerships, especially for highland regions like the Cameron Highlands, to encourage organic vegetable production.
Keywords: certification systems, Disease Management, policy frameworks, artificial intelligence, sustainable agriculture
Received: 08 Aug 2025; Accepted: 17 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Meshram, Mansor and Adhikari. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Tika B. Adhikari
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