REVIEW article
Front. Plant Sci.
Sec. Plant Development and EvoDevo
Regulatory layers of robustness of CLAVATA-WUSCHEL feedback system in stem cell homeostasis
Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States, CA, 92521
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression and cellular behavior is critical for ensuring developmental robustness in all multicellular organisms. The mechanisms regulating robustness are often multilayered, with underlying processes occurring at different spatiotemporal scales. Pluripotent stem cells are maintained in SAMs despite periodic differentiation of stem-cell progeny into all above-ground organs, which together form much of the biomass on Earth. Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) are often exposed to variable growth conditions in nature; therefore, stem cell maintenance must be robust to withstand these changes. We focus our review on the mechanisms that regulate the robustness of the central CLAVATA (CLV)-WUSCHEL (WUS) feedback system, highlighting insights from new studies that integrate biological experiments with mathematical modeling. These studies have revealed the importance of WUS concentration-dependent transcription of CLV3 involving cis-regulatory module and WUS-binding cofactors, CLV3 peptide processing and modifications, multiple signals converging on WUS transcriptional regulation, and WUS protein in regulating its subcellular partitioning, diffusion between adjacent cells, and degradation. We discuss mechanisms that could provide robustness to each of these processes and how their integration could provide tissue-level robustness in stem cell maintenance.
Summary
Keywords
Arabidopsis, CLAVATA1, CLAVATA3, receptor kinase, WUSCHEL
Received
29 December 2025
Accepted
20 February 2026
Copyright
© 2026 cerbantez-Bueno, Sheils and Reddy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: G. VENUGOPALA Reddy
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