Ethylene participates in strigolactone-triggered stomatal closure via Gα protein-activited hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen sulfide synthesis in Arabidopsis

Abstract

The signaling cascade of strigolactones (SLs)-regulated stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated using pharmacological assays, fluorescence microscopy, spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, RT-PCR, and qRT-PCR. In wild-type plants, GR24 (a synthetic strigolactone analog)-induced stomatal closure was significantly inhibited by ethylene biosynthesis/perception inhibitors or Gα inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTX). GR24 obviously promoted closure in eto1-1, cGα1 and wGα1 mutants, but failed to do so in mutants etr1-1, etr1-3, gpa1-1 and gpa1-2. GR24 also upregulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) gene ACS and heterotrimeric G-protein α subunit 1 gene GPA1 transcript levels, showing that both ethylene synthesis and Gα activation were required for SLs-induced stomatal closure. Ethylene biosynthesis/perception inhibitors significantly suppressed GR24-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesis, and L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase (L-/D-CDes) activity increase wild-type plants. These responses occurred in eto1-1 mutant but not in etr1 mutants. ACC-induced stomatal closure, H2O2 and H2S synthesis, and L-/D-CDes activity increase were obviously abolished in AtrbohD, AtrbohF, AtrbohD/F, Atl-cdes and Atd-cdes mutants, and exogenous H2O2 or sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) could significantly rescue the defect in etr1 mutants, showing that ethylene acted via H2O2 and H2S synthesis in SLs-induced stomatal closure. Furthermore, PTX obviously suppressed GR24-induced H2O2 and H2S synthesis, and L-/D-CDes increase in the wild type. These responses persisted in cGα1 and wGα1 mutants but were absent in gpa1 mutants. Finally, cholera toxin (CTX)-induced stomatal closure and downstream responses required AtrbohD/F and AtL-/D-CDes, and exogenous H2O2 and H2S rescued GR24-induced closure in gpa1 mutants, suggesting that Gα activation acted upstream of H2O2 and H2S synthesis in SLs-induced stomatal closure. In contrast, ACC failed to rescue the defect in GR24-induced stomatal closure treated with PTX in the wild type and in gpa1 mutants. Notably, GR24 substantially increased ethylene production in both PTX-treated wild-type plants and in gpa1 mutants, indicating that ethylene functioned by activating Gα in SLs-induced stomatal closure. In summary, SLs induced ethylene biosynthesis, which activated Gα. Activated Gα then promoted H2O2 production via AtrbohD/F and subsequent H2S synthesis via AtL-CDes/AtD-CDes, finally leading to stomatal closure.