Comprehensive analysis of the LHT gene family in tobacco and functional characterization of NtLHT22 involvement in amino acids homeostasis

Abstract

Amino acids are vital nitrogen (N) sources for plant growth, development, and yield. The uptake and translocation of amino acids are mediated by amino acid transporters (AATs). The AATs family including lysine-histidine transporters (LHTs), amino acid permeases (AAPs), and proline transporters (ProTs) subfamilies have been identified in various plants. However, little is known about these genes in tobacco. In this study, we identified 23 LHT genes, the important members of AATs, in the tobacco genome. The gene structure, phylogenetic tree, transmembrane helices, chromosomal distribution, cis-regulatory elements, and expression profiles of NtLHT genes were systematically analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis divided the 23 NtLHT genes into two conserved subgroups. Expression profiles confirmed that the NtLHT genes were differentially expressed in various tissues, indicating their potential roles in tobacco growth and development. Cis-elements analysis of promoters and expression patterns after stress treatments suggested that NtLHT genes probable participate in abiotic stress responses of tobacco. In addition, Knock out and overexpression of NtLHT22 changed the amino acids homeostasis in the transgenic plants, the contents of amino acids were significantly decreased in NtLHT22 overexpression plants than wild-type. The results from this study provide important information for further studies on the molecular functions of the NtLHT genes.

Introduction

Nitrogen (N) is the major limiting factor among mineral nutrients for plant growth and development. In natural soil ecosystem, plant roots absorb both inorganic N and organic N including amino acids and peptides (Paungfoo-Lonhienne et al., 2008; Näsholm et al., 2009). Amino acids are the largest pool of dissolved organic N and can be acquired by plant roots. Soil amino acids are mainly derived from peptides of decaying organisms and decomposition of proteins (Kielland et al., 2007). In the soil solution, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamate, and glycine are the major forms of amino acids, and the concentrations of total free amino acids in the soil may be up to 150 μM (Senwo and Tabatabai, 1998; Weigelt et al., 2005).

In general, inorganic N is converted and transported in the form of amino acids in plants. Therefore, amino acids play crucial role in plants, including regulating root architecture, flowering time, and seed setting rate (Guo et al., 2021). Amino acid transporters (AATs) play vital roles in amino acid transport and translocation. Nowadays, plant AATs have been identified and are grouped into two superfamilies: amino acid-polyamine-choline transporters (APCs) and amino acid/auxin permeases (AAAPs) (Fischer et al., 1998). The APC superfamily includes L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) families and cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) (Tegeder, 2012; Li F. et al., 2021). The AAAP superfamily includes auxin transporters (AUXs), amino acid permeases (AAPs), γ-aminobutyric acid transporters (GATs), lysine and histidine transporters (LHTs), and proline transporters (ProTs) (Okumoto et al., 2002, 2004; Okumoto and Pilot, 2011).

Many AATs have been well researched in Arabidopsis. AtAAP1 is expressed in embryos, amino acid loaded into embryo via AtAAP1 is important for storage protein synthesis and seed yield (Sanders et al., 2009). AtAAP2 is expressed in the phloem, disruption of AtAAP2 increased amino acids allocation to leaves and resulted in higher seed yields (Zhang et al., 2010). AtAAP6 regulates phloem amino acids composition, in aap6 mutant, the concentrations of leucine, lysine, aspartate, and phenylalanine were significantly lower than wild-type plants (Hunt et al., 2010). AtAAP8 plays a crucial role in amino acids loading into the phloem. In aap8 mutants, amino acids loading into phloem and partitioning to sink tissues were decreased (Schmidt et al., 2007). AtLHT1, the first member identified in LHT family, was critical for amino acids uptake. AtLHT1 is expressed in various plant organs, including roots, flowers, and young leaves. Disruption of AtLHT1 decreased shoot biomass and seed yield, while overexpression of AtLHT1 enhanced amino acids uptake and improved the N use efficiency (Chen and Bush, 1997; Hirner et al., 2006). Pathogen infection activates the expression of AtLHT1, further studies suggested that AtLHT1 is a negative regulator of disease resistance, the lht1 mutants enhanced disease resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens (Liu et al., 2010). AtLHT1 is also involved in the uptake of ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), loss-of-function of AtLHT1 caused dose-dependent resistance to exogenous ACC (Shin et al., 2015). AtLHT2 is expressed preferentially in floral organs, transgenic expression of AtLHT2 could rescue the early senescence phenotypes of the lht1 mutant (Choi et al., 2019).

In rice, at least 85 putative AATs were identified (Zhao et al., 2012). OsAAP1 is mainly expressed in young panicles, leaves, andaxillary buds, and OsAAP1 protein is located in both the nuclear and plasma membranes. Overexpression of OsAAP1 increased tiller numbers and filled grain numbers, while OsAAP1 RNAi lines showed the opposite phenotype (Ji et al., 2020). OsAAP3 is highly expressed in lateral root, leaf sheath, leaf, panicle, and culm. Overexpression of OsAAP3 inhibited bud outgrowth and tillering, while downregulation of OsAAP3 expression promotes bud elongation and boosts grain yield (Lu et al., 2018). OsAAP5 is mainly expressed in panicles and leaves, OsAAP5 could transports anionic, neutral, and cationic amino acids. Loss-of-function of OsAAP5 could increase tiller number and grain yield (Svennerstam et al., 2008; Wang J. et al., 2019). OsLHT1 is expressed in root hairs and lateral roots and is a key transporter for root amino acids uptake (Guo et al., 2020a). Loss-of-function of OsLHT1 decreased amino acids allocation from root to shoot, thereby markedly reduced shoot growth and grain yields (Wang X. et al., 2019). The japonica subspecies take up aspartate 1.5-fold more efficiently than indica subspecies. Moreover, the expression levels of OsLHT1 in japonica is higher than that in indica. It has been shown that the expression of OsLHT1 and root aspartate uptake was positive correlation (Guo et al., 2020b).

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the most important economic crops, it is cultivated worldwide and used as a model for plant biology research. AATs functions in long distance amino acids transport and are essential for plant growth and development. Lots of AAT genes, such as AAP, ProT, and LHT genes have been well studied and characterized in Arabidopsis, rice, tea, and other plants. However, the studies of AATs is limited in tobacco. In this study, we identified LHT gene family, the important members of AATs, in the tobacco genome with bioinformatics methods. The phylogenic relationships, gene structures, chromosomal distributions, syntenic regions, and cis-regulatory elements in these NtLHT genes were analyzed. Moreover, the expression profiles of NtLHT genes in different tissues and in response to drought and cold stresses were investigated. Our findings provide useful information for further functional research of NtLHT genes in tobacco.

Materials and methods

Plant materials and growth conditions

The N. tabacum L. K326 plants were cultured in a greenhouse with conditions described in previous report (Li Z. et al., 2021). For expression profiles of the NtLHT genes in different tissues, total RNA was isolated from the roots, axillary buds, stems, flowers, and leaves of tobacco at the flowering stage. For drought treatment, 3-week-old seedlings were not watered, the obviously wilted plants were termed as drought stress. For cold treatment, 3-week-old seedlings were exposed to 4°C for 5 h (Xie et al., 2021).

Annotation and identification of putative NtLHT genes

For NtLHT identification, the protein sequences of AtLHTs were retrieved from TAIR¹ (Rhee et al., 2003), the obtained sequences were then used as a query to search putative NtLHT genes from the China tobacco genome database (data not shown). Top hits for putative NtLHT proteins were retained on the basis of high scores (score ≥ 0) and low E-values (E value ≤ 0.1), the NCBI conserved domain database (CDD)² was used to analyze the conserved domain (PF01490) of candidate NtLHT proteins (Rabby et al., 2022). After manually removing the redundant sequences, 23 NtLHT genes were identified and used for further bioinformatics and expression analysis.

Physicochemical characterization, transmembrane, and protein structure analysis

The physiochemical properties of NtLHT proteins were predicted using the ExPASy tool (Artimo et al., 2012). The subcellular location of NtLHT proteins were predicted using The WOLF PSORT II program.³ The PROTTER 1.0 was used to predict the presence of transmembrane helices,⁴ and the tertiary protein structures of NtLHT proteins were analyzed by PHYRE server v2.0.⁵

Phylogeny analysis, gene structure, and motifs analysis

The protein sequences of LHT from tobacco (NtLHT), tea (CsLHT), Arabidopsis (AtLHT), and rice (OsLHT) were used to construct a phylogenetic tree in MEGA X program via the neighbor-joining (NJ) method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates (Supplementary Table 1). The coding sequence of each NtLHT (Supplementary Table 2) was aligned with its corresponding genomic sequence to identify the exon–intron structure by GSDS tool.⁶ The conserved motifs of NtLHT proteins were analyzed using MEME tool with default parameter (Bailey et al., 2006).

Chromosomal mapping and gene duplication analysis

The chromosomal positions of NtLHT genes were mapped using MG2C 2.0.⁷ Segmental and tandem duplicated gene pairs among the tobacco, tea, Arabidopsis, and rice genomes were conducted using MCScanX. The collinearity map was drawn with Circos. The non-synonymous substitution (Ka) and synonymous substitution rate (Ks) of duplicated genes were determined using KaKs Calculator 2.0.

Cis-regulatory elements analysis

To assess the cis-regulatory elements of the NtLHT promoters, the 2 kb DNA sequence upstream from the transcription start site (start codon ATG) of NtLHT genes were extracted, the obtained sequences were analyzed using the PlantCARE program⁸ and classified according to their regulatory functions.

Expression analysis of NtLHT genes

Total RNA was isolated from plant tissue samples using the Plant RNA Kit (Transgen, Beijing, China). The first strand cDNA synthesis was performed according to the manufacturer’s directions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States). The quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out using the CFX96 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States) with 20 μL volume (containing 1 μL of 1:10 diluted cDNA, 200 nM of each gene-specific primer, and SYBR Green Mix from Bio-Rad). PCR cycling parameters were set as following: 95°C for 5 min, 40 cycles of 10 s at 95°C and 30 s at 60°C, then a final melting curve at 65°C for 5 s. The stably expressed gene NtL25 (ribosomal protein gene) was used as the internal control for data normalization. Expression data was carried out with three biological and technical replicates and calculated using the 2^–ΔΔCt method (Schmittgen and Livak, 2008). The primers used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table 3.

Subcellular localization analysis

The coding sequence (CDS) of NtLHT22 without the stop codon was amplified and cloned into pEarlyGate101 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States) to produce 35S: NtLHT22-YFP construct, the empty pEarlyGate101 vector was used as a control. Tobacco protoplasts preparation and transformation for subcellular localization experiments were carried out as previously described (Schweiger and Schwenkert, 2014). After transformation, the fluorescence signals was observed via Leica SP8-X confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).

Plasmid construction and tobacco transformation

NtLHT22 was amplified and cloned into the modified overexpression vector pEarlyGate101 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States) to produce 35S: NtLHT22-Myc construct. The CRISPR/Cas9 vector was constructed as previously described (Gao et al., 2018). The CRISPR-P 2.0 software⁹ was used to design the target sites of NtLHT22. Two 20 bp DNA target sites were synthesized and inserted to the pORE-Cas9 binary vector, the resulting constructs was verified via PCR and sequencing. The overexpression and pORE-Cas9 vector was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA4404), respectively. The Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of transgenic tobacco plants were carried out as previously described (Wang et al., 2018; Supplementary Figure 1). Two independent knockout and overexpression lines of NtLHT22 were identified and used for subsequent experimental studies.

Free amino acid analysis

Free amino acid contents were measured according to the ninhydrin method with some modifications (Fang et al., 2013). 2.0 g sample was placed in 80% ethanol (10.0 mL) at 95°C for 20 min. The collected extracts were placed at 80°C in a drying oven to remove the ethanol, the residues were re-dissolved in 1 ml water. After centrifugation at 12000 g for 15 min, the supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane. Amino acid contents were determined using an LA8080 automatic amino acid analyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).

Results

Genome-wide identification and protein properties of NtLHT

To investigate the LHT genes in tobacco, we employed 10 AtLHT protein sequences as queries for BLAST search. As a result, 23 LHT genes were obtained from the tobacco genome. These genes were named in the order of their locations on the chromosomes and scaffolds. The gene and CDS lengths of NtLHTs ranged from 912 to 17381 bp and 912 to 1716 bp, respectively (Table 1). The length of NtLHT proteins ranged from 303 to 571 amino acids with a molecular weight of 33.4–61.9 kDa, and their pIs ranged from 5.74 to 9.51. The predominant amino acid residues were valine, alanine, and leucine. The instability index for most of the proteins (77.8%) were less than 40. Apart from these, the GRAVY values of all NtLHT proteins were positive, indicating that all NtLHT proteins were hydrophobic. The predicted subcellular locations suggested that most of the NtLHT proteins were localized in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and vacuoles (Table 2).

To comprehensive understand the information of NtLHT proteins, the transmembrane regions were predicted by PROTTER 1.0. The number of transmembrane regions in NtLHT proteins ranged from 5 to 11 (Supplementary Figure 2). The predicted protein structures for all NtLHT proteins revealed the presence of α helices, random coils, extended strands, and β turns. All NtLHT proteins have α helices, while β turns were the least common (Supplementary Figure 3).

Phylogenetic analysis of lysine-histidine transporter family in tobacco, tea, Arabidopsis, and rice

To explore the evolutionary relationships among LHT genes from Tobacco, tea, Arabidopsis, and rice, an unrooted NJ tree was constructed based on alignment of 23 NtLHT genes in tobacco, 7 CsLHT genes in tea, 10 AtLHT genes in Arabidopsis, 6 OsLHT genes in rice. According to the created phylogenetic tree, these LHT genes could be classified to two subgroups. Subgroup I contained AtLHT1/2/3/5/6/8/9/10, OsLHT1/2/3/4, CsLHT1/6, and NtLHT1/3/4/5/6/7/10/11/12/13/14/17/20/21/22/23. Subgroup II contained AtLHT4/7, OsLHT5/6, CsLHT2/3/4/5/7, and NtLHT2/8/9/15/16/18/19 (Figure 1). Therefore, subgroup I had the largest number of LHT members in Arabidopsis (8 genes), rice (4 genes), and tobacco (16 genes), whereas subgroup II had more LHT members from tea (5 genes).

FIGURE 1

Gene structure and conserved motif analysis

To clarify the evolutionary relationships of NtLHT genes, a phylogenetic tree was generated between NtLHT genes. In concordance with the previous results, all the NtLHT genes were divided into two subgroups. Subgroup I contained 16 NtLHT genes, and subgroup II contained 7 NtLHT genes (Figure 2A). The gene structure analysis of NtLHT was performed by the GSDS program. The number of exons in subgroup I ranged from 0 to 8, while each member of subgroup II contained 5 exons (Figure 2B). The conserved motif analysis of NtLHT proteins was captured by MEME software. Several motifs were widespread among NtLHT proteins, such as motif 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9. The number of conserved motifs in subgroup I ranged from 6 to 11, while most of the members in subgroup II, except NtLHT2, contained 10 motifs (Figure 2C). These results indicating that subgroup II members is more conserved than subgroup I.

FIGURE 2

Chromosomal locations and evolutionary analysis of NtLHT genes

The chromosomal distribution of NtLHT genes in the tobacco genome were further determined. In the tobacco genome, 11 NtLHT genes were unevenly distributed in 8 chromosomes (Chr). There were three NtLHT genes on Chr 17, two NtLHT genes on Chr 6, Chr 3, 8, 18, 19, 20, and 21 contained one NtLHT gene each. The remaining 12 NtLHT genes could not be mapped on chromosomes but mapped on some scaffolds (Figure 3).

FIGURE 3

Tandem and segmental duplicates play significant roles for the evolution of species (Xu et al., 2012). Two genes (NtLHT6 and NtLHT7) were tandemly duplicated, while six pairs (NtLHT1/NtLH12, NtLHT5/NtLHT23, NtLHT6/NtLHT10, NtLHT6/NtLHT22, NtLHT8/NtLHT15, and NtLHT14/NtLHT21) were segmental duplicated (Figure 4). The Ka/Ks values of all tandem and segmental duplicated gene pairs were less than 1 (Supplementary Table 4), indicating that these NtLHT genes were evolved under the influence of purifying selection.

FIGURE 4

We constructed a collinearity plot to investigate the orthologous LHT genes in tobacco, tea, Arabidopsis, and rice (Figure 4). Two collinear gene pairs were identified between tobacco and rice, the collinear relationships between them were many-to-one matches. Three collinear gene pairs were identified between tobacco and Arabidopsis, the collinear relationships between them include many-to-one matches and one-to-one matches. Four collinear gene pairs were identified between tobacco and tea, the collinear relationships between them were one-to-many matches (Supplementary Table 5).

Tissue-specific expression profiles of NtLHT genes

The gene expression profiling in different tissues could provide preliminary clues for their function. To explore the tissue specific expression profiles of NtLHT genes, different tissues from tobacco were analyzed, including root, stem, leaf, flower, and axillary bud. The NtLHT genes showed diverse expression patterns among different tissues. NtLHT6/13/16/18/19 were expressed in all these tissues. Ten NtLHT genes, NtLHT2/3/4/7/10/11/14/20/21/23 showed high expression in flower, among which NtLHT2 also displayed high expression in root and NtLHT23 had high expression in leaf. NtLHT8/9/12/15 had the highest expression levels in root. NtLHT1 and NtLHT22 showed high expression in leaf. Notably, NtLHT5 was highly expressed in axillary bud (Figure 5). The results showed that the expression of NtLHT have a certain preference and most of these genes were highly expressed in flower, root, and leaf.

FIGURE 5

Cis-regulatory elements analysis of NtLHT genes

To explore the regulatory pathways of NtLHT genes, we isolated the 2 kb upstream sequences of the NtLHT genes for cis-element analysis. The largest number of cis-elements identified in the NtLHT genes promoter was involved in light-responsiveness. Moreover, cis-elements associated with anaerobic induction were detected in the promoters of most of the NtLHT genes. Apart from these, cis-elements associated with hormone response (e.g., abscisic acid, auxin, MeJA, salicylic acid, and gibberellins), stress response (e.g., low temperature, defense and stress, and drought), and meristem expression were also detected in the promoter sequences of NtLHT genes (Figure 6). The diversity of cis-elements suggest that NtLHT genes performed multiple functions in physiological and biological processes.

FIGURE 6

Expression profiling of NtLHT genes under cold and drought stress

To analyze the roles of NtLHT genes to cold and drought stress, we analyze the expression profiling of NtLHT genes after cold and drought treatment. The expression levels of most NtLHT genes were differently changed under cold or drought stress (Figure 7). Under cold stress, the expression of NtLHT2/6/10/15/17 were significantly upregulated, the expression of NtLHT9/13/19/22 were significantly downregulated. After drought treatment, the expression of NtLHT1/2/3/5/6/8/12/15/23 were significantly upregulated, while the expression of NtLHT13/16/18/19/22 were significantly downregulated. In addition, the expression of NtLHT7 and NtLHT21 were not significantly changed after cold and drought treatment. Furthermore, four genes (NtLHT4/11/14/21) highly expressed in flower were not detected under drought and cold stresses. The results implied that NtLHT genes may play distinctive roles in plant response to environmental abiotic stresses.

FIGURE 7

Subcellular localization analysis of NtLHT22

To explore the potential functions of the NtLHT genes, the subgroup I member NtLHT22 was selected for subcellular localization analysis. The 35S: NtLHT22-YFP vector and the 35S:YFP control vector were transiently expressed in tobacco protoplasts, subsequently, the subcellular localization of the YFP signal was detected by confocal laser scanning microscope. In control, the YFP signal was spread throughout the whole protoplasts. In contrast, the signal of the YFP protein fused to NtLHT22 was only observed in the plasma membrane, suggesting that NtLHT22 was targeted to the plasma membrane (Figure 8).

FIGURE 8

NtLHT22 is involved in amino acids homeostasis in tobacco

To further explore the functions of NtLHT22 in amino acids homeostasis, transgenic plants with overexpressing and knock out of NtLHT22 were generated, respectively. Two overexpression (OE3 and OE6) and two mutant lines (ntlht22-1 and ntlht22-2)were chosen for further experiments (Supplementary Figures 4, 5). In leaf tissues, threonine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, and alanine were the main amino acids. Compared with WT, the levels of six individual amino acids were significantly increased in ntlht22 mutants, including aspartic acid, serine, phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, and methionine, while the contents of threonine, aspartic acid and glycine were decreased in NtLHT22-OE plants (Figure 9A). In root tissues, the levels of threonine, alanine and serine were decreased in NtLHT22-OE plants than WT. In ntlht22 mutants roots, the levels of alanine was decreased but the levels of aspartic acid and lysine were increased than WT. In addition, the content of arginine in NtLHT22-OE plants and ntlht22 mutants roots were significantly higher than WT (Figure 9B). The amino acids content were significantly reduced in NtLHT22-OE plants than WT, however, total of amino acids were not changed between ntlht22 mutants and WT (Figures 9C,D). Taken together, the amino acids profile was significantly changed in NtLHT22-OE plants and ntlht22 mutants, suggesting that NtLHT22 is participate in amino acids homeostasis in tobacco.

FIGURE 9

Discussion

Amino acids are important carriers of N exchange in plants, the absorption and translocation of amino acids are mainly mediated by AATs (Ortiz-Lopez et al., 2000). AATs play significant roles in plant growth and development, including long distance transport and translocate of amino acids, response to biotic and abiotic stresses (Tegeder and Ward, 2012; Ma et al., 2016). The functions of AATs in various plants have been characterized in detail. In potato, StAAP1 is induced during leaf maturation and the amino acid contents are decreased with reduced StAAP1 expression (Koch et al., 2003). In Vicia faba, VfAAP1 is highly expressed in the cotyledons and shows moderate expression in other sink tissues (Miranda et al., 2001). In Arabidopsis, AtProT is highly expressed in pollen and the epidermides of leaves, AtProT1 and AtProT2 were shown to facilitate the uptake of proline (Lehmann et al., 2011). In rice, OsProT1 is mainly expressed in roots, stems, and flowers and specifically mediated the transport of L-proline (Igarashi et al., 2000). OsLHT1 participate in root uptake and root-to-shoot allocation of acidic and neutral amino acids, loss-of-function of OsLHT1 significantly inhibited plants development and reduced seed yields (Wang X. et al., 2019). LHT gene family is an important part of AAT gene family, however, LHT gene family had not been well characterized in tobacco. In this study, we performed a comprehensive identification, classification, and expression profile to study LHT gene family in tobacco.

Here, 23 NtLHT genes were identified from the tobacco genome. Physicochemical analysis showed that NtLHT proteins exhibited similar physical properties. For example, all NtLHT proteins were alkaline (pI > 7) and hydrophobic (Table 2). The 3D protein structure analysis indicated that NtLHT proteins have highly conservative structure characterized by several α helices, random coils, extended strands, and β turns (Supplementary Figure 3). NtLHT genes were divided into two subgroups (subgroup I and subgroup II) and subgroup I contained more LHT genes than subgroup II (Figure 1).

Gene structure is closely related with gene evolution and can provide useful information for the study of gene function (Guo et al., 2013). The number of introns in subgroup I ranged from 0 to 8, in subgroup II, all members of NtLHT genes contained 5 exons, indicating that the gene structure in subgroup I is more conserved than subgroup II (Figure 2B). We identified ten conserved motifs in NtLHT proteins. The number of conserved motifs in subgroup I ranged from 6 to 11, whereas all NtLHT proteins in subgroup II, except NtLHT2, contained 10 motifs (Figure 2C). Together, these results show that the number of exons/introns and motifs in NtLHT gene family were closely related with function conservation or diversification.

Gene duplication, such as whole genome duplication, tandem duplication, and segmental duplication, is the most important pathway for the expansion and evolution of gene families. Moreover, segmental duplications were more important than tandem duplications for the expansion of gene family (Vision Todd et al., 2000; Paterson et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2020). We obtained one pair of tandem duplicated NtLHT genes and six pairs of segmental duplicated NtLHT genes in tobacco genome (Figure 4), these results corroborates the previous studies. Additionally, the Ka/Ks values of these duplicated gene pairs were less than 1 (Supplementary Table 4), indicating that duplicated genes have evolved under the influence of purifying selection.

To better understand the functions of NtLHT genes, we analyzed the expression profiles of these genes in different tissues (Figure 5). Several NtLHT genes (i.e., NtLHT6 and NtLHT16) were highly expressed in most tissues analyzed. Some NtLHT genes were highly expressed in specific tissues (i.e., NtLHT5 in axillary bud, NtLHT3/4/10/11/14 in flower, NtLHT8 and NtLHT15 in root), suggesting that these genes may play different physiological functions in different tissues. Cis-element contribute to the regulation of gene expression, therefore, the analysis of cis-elements is helpful for gene functional characterization. Light-responsiveness elements were ubiquitously identified in the promoter region of NtLHT genes, indicating that light might regulate the expression of NtLHT genes. In addition, cis-elements related to hormone response and stress response were identified in most of the NtLHT genes (Figure 6), suggesting that NtLHT genes play essential roles in plant growth and development. According to cis-elements analysis of NtLHT genes, we explored the expression profiling of these genes under cold and drought treatment. The results indicated that 9 and 14 NtLHT genes responded to cold and drought stress, respectively. Notably, the expression levels of NtLHT4/11/14/21 were not detected after cold and drought treatment (Figure 7). These results indicate that the expression of NtLHT genes might be regulated by several cis-elements, and there also exist unidentified cis-elements to regulating the expression of these genes under cold and drought stresses.

Various membrane-localized transporters involved in amino acids uptake, accumulation and translocation, in addition, efficient use of the N inside the crops for quality and yield relies on the proper amino acid metabolism. Previous work suggests that amino acid distribution processes in leaves affect N uptake, probably via changes in amino acid metabolism and shoot-to-root signaling processes (Tegeder, 2014). Genetic manipulation of AATs is potentially able to alter plant performance with coordinating amino acid assimilation and metabolism, and ultimately influence quality and yield. A large amount of N is needed in the process of tobacco growing, and the content of amino acids in leaves is also closely related to the quality of tobacco. Our results indicated that overexpression and mutant of NtLHT22 changed the amino acids profile in leaf and root, and the accumulation of amino acids were significantly decreased in NtLHT22-OE plants than WT (Figures 9A–D). Therefore, NtLHT22 might be involved in the homeostasis of amino acids in different tissues, the alterations of amino acids accumulaion may trigger the changes in N metabolism and quality. Furthermore, NtLHT22 could be used as a potential gene for quality and yield breeding, and future studies will explore the essential roles of NtLHT22 in quality as well as N use efficiency.

Conclusion

In summary, we discovered 23 NtLHT genes and analyzed their physicochemical characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, and cis-elements. We also explored the expression profiles of NtLHT genes in different tissues and under abiotic stresses. Furthermore, overexpression and mutant of NtLHT22 in tobacco changed the amino acids profile, suggesting that NtLHT22 might be involved in amino acids homeostasis. Overall, our studies provided useful information for the role of NtLHT and laid a solid foundation for further investigations of the biological mechanisms of NtLHT genes.

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